Essay On Classroom Observation - 1225 Words

Each classroom observation I have completed has led to a more productive learning experience, and I have been able to view teaching theories and strategy first hand. Through my classroom field experience I have had several opportunities to help with different classroom activities such as work with small groups of students, clarifying concepts for individual students, and aiding students with technology. I observed three different classrooms a 3rd and 4th grade class at a private school, a 6th grade science class at a public school, and a 6th grade math class at a public school. Although each of these classrooms is unique, they are all complex enterprises, with a very large number of interacting variables at play. The first class I†¦show more content†¦The entire class, both 3rd and 4th grade do a quick review, then she separates the class. While Mrs. Richards explicitly teaches new concepts to the 3rd graders, the 4th graders are completing unfinished work from the day before. Once she has explicitly taught the new concept, guided the 3rd graders through whole class practice, she introduces their independent practice, and then moves over to begin the teaching cycle with the 4th grades. As Mrs. Richards worked with the 4th grades, I was given the opportunity to assist the 3rd graders with any support they might need to successfully finish their independent math work. If any 3rd grade student finished their math work before Mrs. Richards was done with the 4th grade they move over to the computer center, where they worked with the Lexia program. This rotation between grade levels continued throughout the day, except when it came to science where both grade levels worked on the same less on. Although Mrs. Richards’ class has a unique dynamic she still utilizes common teaching strategies such as gradually releasing responsibility on to each student, allowing the students to communicate and support each other during math, using hands on experiences during math and science, and employing the use of manipulatives to help the students understand new math concepts. On October 3, 2017 I observed Tiffany Nayar’s 6thShow MoreRelatedClassroom Observation Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesOn October 13th, 2017, I went to observe Mr. R a science teacher at Governor Thomas Johnson High School, with an amazing personality and a well liked attitude. Walking into the classroom toke me back to my high school days regretting how I used to which its end everyday as I attended. The location of Thomas Johnson is in Frederick, Maryland. The city of Frederick is a well diverse town, which comes out in its schools. The students have a fifth period class day, with a connect period and thirtyRead MoreClassroom Observation Essay723 Words   |  3 Pagesto do field work and observe a classroom in order to acquire the ability to recognize different behaviors, procedures, and routines. Observing allows one to witness fundamental learning strategies and child development firsthand. With that being said, on October 24, 2017, I spent my first full day at P.S. 45, formally known as John Tyler. Upon my entry into the school, I was assigned to room 213, which is a third-grade classroom General Education (General ED) classroom. Unfortunately, the cooperatingRead MoreEssay on Classroom Observation Report940 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom Observation After fifteen hours of classroom observation, I look forward to being a teacher even more than at the beginning of this semester.Read MoreClassroom Observation Essay2200 Words   |  9 Pageswill help me for when I get into the classroom as well. Every student is unique in their own way, and that is what makes teaching so special and exciting. During my first half hour observing this class it was quite diverse. There were five students in this class and an extra support teacher to help as well. Three students were from tenth grade, one student was a junior and the last one was a senior. There were no freshman in the class. Each child in this classroom had either a 504 or an IEP. In additionRead MoreEssay Classroom Observation Report1962 Words   |  8 PagesClassroom Observation Mrs. Laners’ teaches first grade at Smallville Elementary School in Smallville, Ohio. Her class is made up of nineteen students, eight of which have been diagnosed with ADHD. In addition to ADHD one student has also been diagnosed as oppositionally defiant, meaning he does the opposite of what is being said to him. He is theRead MoreClassroom Observation Report Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesClassroom Observation On two different days, several observations took place in two different types of environment. I observed a teacher and her students of a second grade elementary school and a teacher and her students aged 18 months to two years old in a daycare environment. I observed the environment and interaction of the teacher and his or her studentsRead MoreEssay on Classroom Observation Report1086 Words   |  5 PagesClassroom Observation I use to believe that being a teacher was going to be eight hours of teaching and being with children. Being a teacher seemed to be the easiest career choice out there for me. After viewing the students of all ages and levels, I have changed my opinion of teaching. There is an unknown side to the world that can only be seenRead MoreClassroom Observation Report Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesClassroom Observation Memphis Intermediate School is located in the city of Memphis, TN. It is comprised of grades 3-5 with a total enrollment of 464 students and a student/teacher ratio of 20. Memphis has been in operation for only seven years and is a public school. The ethnicity of the student body is largely White at 86%, followed by Hispanic 6%Read MoreEssay Classroom Observation Report1698 Words   |  7 Pagesnature of students, I think about how the students behave. I believe that the behavior of students as a group reflects eclecticism meaning that every child behaves differently although every behavior can be integrated. While doing my observation in a second grade classroom, I have met students that are extremely social and active as well as students who are rather quiet and reserved. Usually when an extremely social child is seated with a quiet child, the quiet child will not say much so the extremelyRead MoreEssay on Classroom Observation Report792 Words   |  4 Pages  Classroom Obse rvation On Monday February 24, 2014 I visited Mrs. Randus’ third and fourth grade split class at Kline Elementary. Her classroom consisted of a mixture of third and fourth grade students who were tested and labeled as gifted in various subject matters. Mrs. Randus was responsible for teaching the children language and reading skills.

Essay on Hatshepshut v/s Kouros - 1068 Words

Ancient Egyptian and Greek statues have many similarities. Hatshepsut in a Devotional Attitude is an Egyptian statue from 1473-1458 BCE. It is almost 8 feet tall and almost 2.5 feet wide. It is made of granite and is a statue of Queen Hatshepsut, the wife of Tutmose III, one of the most dynamic egyptian kings of the eighteenth dynasty. The Marble Statue of a Kouros (youth) is an Archaic Greek statue from 590-680 BCE. It is a little over 6 feet tall and about 20 inches at its widest. It is the representation of a nude male figure and is made of marble. However, the artists of both the statues are unknown. Although both of these statues are human representations , neither precisely depicts what the actual human figure looks†¦show more content†¦By 680-590 BCE, artists probably became more sensitive to body alignment along with posture. Kouros has his hands clenched by his sides, which is still an awkward pose but more realistic than the statue of Hatshepsut. Although the Kour os has a more realistic body, the statue of Hatshepsut has a more realistic face. The Kouros head, as well as his eyes, nose, and mouth are too big for his body, whereas Hatshepsuts face is more realistic because her features are rightly placed even though her nose is missing. Because she is idealized and conforming to strict conventions of Egyptian art, she has features that are almost too good to be true. The surface textures of the statues affect their realism. Hatshepsut in a Devotional Attitude is made of granite, which makes the statue look immovable, whereas the Kouros is more realistic because marble makes its surface texture more smooth, almost skin like. Hatshepsuts stature probably made the artist represent her in an inaccessible manner, as seen in the use of red and black colored granite stone, which represents her unlike any common woman of her era whereas Kouros is made to seem more lifelike and closer to what a common greek man would look like. He is more approachable . They are both stylistic depictions of the human form that conform to the conventions of their respective cultures. Hatshepsut is a pharaoh whereas the Kouros is simply a young man; this is

Calyx Corolla Case Analysis Free Essays

1. The strength of the Calyx Corolla formula is that they enhance the delivering speed so that customers get fresher flowers. Also, it lowers the cost of delivery from growers to C C, from wholesellers to retailers, and from retailers to customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Calyx Corolla Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now But there are also problems in the formula. For example, it is hard to control the quality of the products. C C has to monitor the growers and Fed, and spend extra money to maintain the high quality of the products. . Calyx Corolla has been successful because they make delivery more efficient, which is to deliver flowers directly from growers to customers so that the plants are fresher. Also, they accurately position themselves and send catalogues to people who are likely to buy flowers. It’s an efficient way to market without a large amount of cost. Third, they developed business partners to promote selling. 3. The large growers like Sunbay Company also distribute and sell flowers themselves. They also buy flowers from other growers. Thus it is hard to control the quality of the flowers they provide. The large growers like Sunbay Company are both partners and competitors because they also sell flowers to customers. 4. They are growing the business by launching an advertising campaign. They will advertise on television emphasizing the longevity and freshness of the lowers. They will insert mini-catalogs into newspaper supplements and magazines. 5. The company is customer-oriented. They directly link consumers with growers in order to reduce the time it took to deliver, thus ensure the freshness and longevity of the consumers. They will not let flowers frozen outside the door in the cold days if they fail to deliver it, because it this will not encourage consumers to buy flowers from them again. They send catalogs regularly and change their banquets seasonally to meet consumers’ needs. All they have done is to keep the â€Å"life-time† customers. They are not only selling flowers, they are selling good service as well. 6. It’s easy for customers to find what they want through the website, because the company has provided different ways of categorizing the bouquets. Customers can decide what kind of flowers they need according to different situations. It’s very customer-oriented. How to cite Calyx Corolla Case Analysis, Essay examples

Staying Strong for Mom free essay sample

Its just one of those nights. I cant sleep, I cant relax, I cant even close my eyes for a mere minute. I still cant fathom the fact that the most important person in my life, my mother, is gone. Who knew that in a span of a year, so much shit could happen so fast that I cant even grasp the meaning of reality anymore? Take a deep breathe.. relax, listen to some music†¦but no, I just cant. What†¦just happened? It was the end of freshmen year, 2010, when my mother first broke the news. Ive never seen her so scared in my entire life. Ive never seen her so worried. From there on, life was like a roller-coaster drop. It was fast, sudden, and heart-dropping. There was so much happening all at once that I just couldnt take it. We will write a custom essay sample on Staying Strong for Mom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No one knew how I was taking it because I felt like I isolated myself from everyone. From my friends, my family, even my own brother. I tried to cover up my problems with vices, such as weed, alcohol, and cigarettes, the famous trio. Honestly, they helped. But honestly, they were and still are, just temporary help. I will have to face my problems by standing up to them. Not by throwing a curveball and hope for the best. If theres one thing my mother taught me, it was to never give up. I dont know how Im still standing, but, I am. And no fucking way am I going to sit my ass down anytime soon. No. Fucking. Way. If theres one thing I learned from all this mess, its that I learnt how to grow up. I have become an independent kid by living alone, doing my own grocery, working for my allowance, and all the other domestic jobs. Im not going to be that person who wants the pity party. I hate pity. I dont want people to feel sorry for me. I dont want to feel weak. I†¦am not a coward. It may come out wrong, but who the fuck is going to read this? Breathe.. I can see my organization skills are a little rusty. My writing is off-balanced and my grammar is a little off. Who the fuck cares? I sure dont. So what was I saying†¦. Ahh, yes, about myself. Youre surrounded by friends, family, pretty much all the people who care about you. You should be grateful you arent locked up in a room crying your balls out. Stay happy Renz. Please, for mom. Chin up, look strong, and and most importantly, be strong. Just like mommy.

Analysis of Capital Punishment in the Films

Capital punishment can be defined as a judicial process that involves an individual being subjected to some form of severe punishment for offences committed. After watching the films titled â€Å"Thin Blue line,† â€Å"the Empty chair† and â€Å"Fighting for life in the Death Belt,† it can be noticed that they all include the theme of capital punishment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Capital Punishment in the Films specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, it can be observed that some of the victims undergo capital punishment for crimes they did not commit. This article is a reaction journal that will expound on the issues of capital punishment as expressed in the above movies. In the movie titled the â€Å"Thin Blue Line,† Robert Woods, who is a police officer in Dallas is murdered by an individual who he had stopped for violating traffic rules. As fate would have it, Randall Adams is convicted for the crime and consequently is sentenced to life imprisonment. 12 years into his conviction, an individual who has testified as the chief witness in his case, David Harris, is found guilty for a different murder and is served with the death sentence. As the movie comes to an end, Harris confesses to have also murdered Wood and Adams is therefore set free. As one watches this film, it is difficult to miss the filmmaker’s strong opposition against capital punishment as the film exposes flaws in the criminal justice system that erroneously send many convicts to their death, some for crimes they did not commit. The movie â€Å"The empty chair† is also another movie in which capital punishment is included. This film explores an experience that many would find very difficult to deal with: that of dealing with the events following the murdering of a close member of one’s family. The storyline is about four loss stories one being that o f Renny Cushing who had to deal with the murder of his father at the hands of a neighbor who also happens to be a police officer. The other story of loss is that of Sue Norton whose parents were not only robbed but also shot for a pickup truck and 61 USD.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other two loss stories are those of Peter and Sue Lowenstein and Susan Ramuda, whose son was murdered over Lockerbie and whose daughter was crushed to death with a rock, respectively. On a closer look these films, one gets to realize that they are about the struggles that individuals deal with following the loss of loved ones. While some will push for capital punishment to be applied to the murderers of their loved ones, others oppose the measure. For instance, Cushing turns in to a strong advocate against the death penalty sentence and heads an organization that advocates for reconciliation of the victims’ families. Interestingly, Norton becomes very a very close friend of the individual who murdered his parents and even fights, though in vain, to save the murderer from the death penalty. Those for the death penalty in the movie are represented by Ramunda who becomes a strong advocate for the death penalty and in many instances, is a counterpart of Cushing. Personally, I do not advocate for the death sentence and as such, I naturally found Norton’s and Cushing’s philosophies more compelling as I watched the movie. To some extent, I also think the makers of the film also think the same given that they seem to include Cushing in the most unforgettable moments. In the movie, Cushing argues against the death penalty by terming it as a symbol of failure by the society to satisfy the victims’ needs. Another sentence that is likely to keep lingering in the minds of viewers is the one where Cushing calls healing a process and not an event. To him, t he healing process is usually characterized by forgiveness but execution only goes to show the affected individuals’ lack of forgiveness. I completely concur with this statement and frankly, I think the makers of the films do as well. Yet another film that tackles the capital punishment issue is â€Å"Fighting for life in the Death-bed.† This film is an examination of this issue from Stephen Bright’s perspective. Bright, in the film, is among the leading lawyers in the land advocating against the death penalty, and has done so for more than two decades. The film concentrates on the remaining few days and hours of two of his clients as he vehemently tries to save them from being executed. Even though both men are found guilty of having engaged in horrible crimes, Bright comes up with strong statements challenging the stand of the criminal justice system to execute his clients. In conclusion, capital punishment is still an issue that evokes strong emotions going b y the numerous debates concerning the issue. This journal has explored three films all of which are against the death sentence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Capital Punishment in the Films specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my personal view, I think capital punishment is too extreme a measure especially when applied wrongly to innocent victims just as shown in the â€Å"Thin blue line.† Even for cases where the convicted individuals are guilty of grave crimes, the society should seek ways of rehabilitation and forgiving these individuals instead of subjecting them to death. This essay on Analysis of Capital Punishment in the Films was written and submitted by user Eleanor S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Blanche Kelso Bruse

On this date, Blanche K. Bruce was born in 1841. He was the first black senator from Mississippi during the Reconstruction era. From Prince Edward County, Va., the son of a slave mother and white planter father, Blanche Kelso Bruce was well educated as a youth. After the American Civil War, he moved to Mississippi, where in 1869 he became a supervisor of elections. By 1870 he was an emerging figure in state politics. After serving as sergeant at arms in the state senate, he held the posts of county assessor, sheriff, and member of the Board of Levee Commissioners of the Mississippi River. Through these positions he amassed enough wealth to purchase a plantation in Floreyville, Miss. In 1874 Mississippi's Republican-dominated state legislature elected Bruce, a Republican, to a seat in the U.S. Senate. He served from 1875 to 1881, advocating just treatment for both blacks and Indians and opposing the policy excluding Chinese immigrants. He sought improvement of navigation on the Mississippi and advocated better relations between the races. Much of his time and energy he devoted to fighting fraud and corruption in federal elections. Bruce lost his political base in Mississippi with the end of Reconstruction governments in the South. He remained in Washington when, at the conclusion of his Senate term, he was appointed register of the Treasury. He served in that post from 1881 to 1885 and again from 1895 to 1898. He was also recorder of deeds in the District of Columbia from 1889 to 1895 and a trustee of Howard University. Blanche Bruce died on March 17, 1898 in Washington, D.C.... Free Essays on Blanche Kelso Bruse Free Essays on Blanche Kelso Bruse On this date, Blanche K. Bruce was born in 1841. He was the first black senator from Mississippi during the Reconstruction era. From Prince Edward County, Va., the son of a slave mother and white planter father, Blanche Kelso Bruce was well educated as a youth. After the American Civil War, he moved to Mississippi, where in 1869 he became a supervisor of elections. By 1870 he was an emerging figure in state politics. After serving as sergeant at arms in the state senate, he held the posts of county assessor, sheriff, and member of the Board of Levee Commissioners of the Mississippi River. Through these positions he amassed enough wealth to purchase a plantation in Floreyville, Miss. In 1874 Mississippi's Republican-dominated state legislature elected Bruce, a Republican, to a seat in the U.S. Senate. He served from 1875 to 1881, advocating just treatment for both blacks and Indians and opposing the policy excluding Chinese immigrants. He sought improvement of navigation on the Mississippi and advocated better relations between the races. Much of his time and energy he devoted to fighting fraud and corruption in federal elections. Bruce lost his political base in Mississippi with the end of Reconstruction governments in the South. He remained in Washington when, at the conclusion of his Senate term, he was appointed register of the Treasury. He served in that post from 1881 to 1885 and again from 1895 to 1898. He was also recorder of deeds in the District of Columbia from 1889 to 1895 and a trustee of Howard University. Blanche Bruce died on March 17, 1898 in Washington, D.C....

Importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in hazard Essay

Importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in hazard mitigation and preparedness planning - Essay Example They need help to successfully accomplish their mission. â€Å"To develop a better emergency management effort at the level of county emergency management agencies, these agencies must be equipped with tools that help them to overcome their resource shortfalls† (Drabek, 1990). These tools must allow them to not only reach information about the geographical, geophysical, and socioeconomic characteristics of their county, but also to determine, visualize, and analyze the possible extent of disasters. â€Å"Efficient management of potential risks can only be accomplished if the emergency managers are aware of the extent of the possible effects of disasters. Such tools can be developed to act as a decision support system for emergency management agencies, through the use of a geographic information system (GIS)† (Fulcher, 1995). Disaster management consists of various cyclical phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Because each phase is geographically related to where people, places, and things are spatially located, GIS can be a valuable tool for analysis purposes throughout each cycle. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) classifies overall emergency management into four categories: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. â€Å"Mitigation can be described as the efforts that reduce the degree of long-term risk to human life and property from natural and man-made hazards† (Ciglar, 1988). Preparedness is the activities that develop operational capabilities for responding to an emergency. Response covers the efforts taken immediately before, during, or directly after an emergency that save lives, minimize property damage, or improve recovery. Recovery includes the activities that restore vital life-support systems to minimum operating standards and long-term activities that return life to normal. Each of the 50 states has its

Karl Rahner Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Karl Rahner - Term Paper Example A Brief view of his chronology is given as; Educational Background of Karl Rahner: Education Place 1922-25 Jesuit formation in Ignatian spirituality and philosophy in Austria and Germany 1929-33 Theologies studies in Holland 1934-36 Graduation studies in philosophy at Freiburg & Martin Heideggar’s seminar 1936 Completion of doctoral and postdoctoral studies of theology at Innusbruck Works of Karl Rahner Karl Rahner was in fact a Christian catholic theologist who worked for the development of the faiths and principles of Christian religion. He wrote for the faiths of Christianity by the end of his life. Foundations of Christianity Faith These written faiths are the most important and significant among his works. These foundations describe as â€Å"summa† of catholic theology. According to Rahner himself he wrote in the preface of this book that he wrote this book for the educated readers and he regard it as a basic saving of knowledge for everyone rather than only for th e sake of theology students. In this book Rahner called the existing idea of Christianity as a formal introduction. He book basically intends to support christens and anyone to adapt Christianity by basically emphasizing the existence of Christianity. The general methodology that has been adapted is the union of theology and philosophy. The roots of this dogma presented were in the beliefs of Christ. In the works of Rahner the traditional beliefs of the catholic have been indeed worked out again with a significant importance. A part of this Rahner’s work is a combination of the deep insight of the dogmatic and metaphysical tradition along with Kerygmatic concern. The theology actually related to Peculiar theology. Concluding aspects of the faith of Christianity Generally Ranher has suggested that the basis of Christianity is reliable. Along with this it has also been concluded that he spiritual knowledge exists, although it is imperfect and limited but still it is the true fo rm of all the existing knowledge. Evolutionary concepts of Karl Rahner At the initial stages the catholic response to the evolutionary theories of the scientist Darwin was very reluctant but later on with the passage of time a linear evolutionary research was permitted to some level. The work of the two Theologists is very important in this aspect which has been emerged as the most influential work in catholic reconciliation with the theory of evolution. One of them is a well known Paleontologist and Jesuit Priest Pierre Theilhard de Chardin, the decisive works of whom have been very much useful for Catholic thinkers. The next one is Karl Rahner who in the decade of 1950 participated actively in the conferences and seminars thus striving for the correlation b/w sciences and Catholic perspectives. In the concepts presented by Karl Rahner the two core topics are modern evolutionary biology and named as emergence and the continuation of the evolutionary process. According to Karl Evolu tion is the process that continues with the survival of life and it is the process through which something new keeps on evolving without compromising the catholic concepts. Materialistic concepts for the evolution of the human life from an inanimate matter are quite controversial for catholic studies. With respect to the central thoughts in the Karl reconciliation concepts with evolutionary biology, the phenomenon of the active self-transcendence is the process by which

Business Informaton Managemnt BIM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Informaton Managemnt BIM) - Essay Example an easy to use communication channel to various individuals and corporations, information on almost every subject is readily available and it facilitates the conducting of various activities such as personal selling, account payments, advertising, publicity and even sales transactions among others With our focus on marketing, it must be borne in mind that the new information and communication technology has revolutionised the ways of marketing communication and doing business. The advent of the internet has brought about new features that make communication relatively easy and can reach a wide range of people located in diverse geographical areas. Digital communication via the use of the internet is very fast and effective. In terms of Marketing, Kotler (1998) calls this online marketing. Various companies have set up their online channels where marketing information about their products can be readily available from time to time. The internet is a medium that uses broadcasting and publishing with the aid of connectivity of computers that are online. Unlike other traditional forms of media, the use of the internet can facilitate a two way communication between the participants involved. In this case, both the marketer and the consumers have a direct link which makes it relati vely easier for the marketer to identify the needs and interests of the consumers. Thus, according to the marketing concept, marketing managers should try to identify the needs of their customers as well as satisfy them. In some instances, these customers are isolated and located further apart but their needs have to be satisfied which prompts the managers to undertake research in a bid to keep pace with the changes taking place in the market. Strydom, (2004 p86) defines marketing research as, â€Å"the systematic design, collection, interpretation and reporting of information used to help marketers solve specific problems to take advantage of marketing opportunities.† In undertaking this

Impact of Globalisation on Nation Borders

Impact of Globalisation on Nation Borders Globalization has had its impacts on world cross-border flows e.g flow of capital. There has been an increase in international economic activity which has expanded world trade and general capital flow. Goods are flowing across national borders easily through reduced trade barriers and new transportation methods. However, it cannot be stated that the world has become borderless. The aim of this paper is to show (through examining the U.S’s border and trade between Canada) that borders still exist and impact daily trade. In fact, it can be anticipated to see that there are new types of borders or divides being formed within countries such as the U.S. Borders are being used to reinforce protection, define territories and influence prices of material imported from other countries. Borders can be viewed differently depending on their purpose and distance from which the border is being viewed. From those different perspectives we can see that the world still has borders, they just c hange in their function depending on different aspects (Globally, Transnationally or Realistic). Economies of nations are correlated through trade of goods, services, information and even migration. Economic integration reduces barriers between national economies through governments lowering tariffs and other trade barriers strengthening trade and helps create a borderless world. Technological advances in communication have also promoted integration in the way that they ease access to knowledge of further consumers and products. Borders still have impacts on markets even close countries such as, U.S product markets and neighbouring country, Canada. The idea of having no borders and complete economic integration means having no trade barriers between countries. Canada and USA have eliminated numerous barriers of trade between them, CUSFTA and NAFTA had eliminated barriers to bilateral trade for numerous goods before the recent trade agreements (Ceglowski, pg 22). Geographically, these countries are in favourable locations for trade. Greater distances would lead to higher costs for transportation and services hindering the economic integration between them. USA and Canada share one long border which can easily be crossed through land or water. Over  ¾ of the Canadian population lives within 100 miles of the U.S border therefore the two countries share a number of social, political, cultural aspects. Majority of these countries’ population speak the same language which all together encourages bilateral trade and other cross border activities. They currently exchange approximately $1 billion goods and services per day, they’re the world’s largest bilateral trade flow. However, the border still affects economic activities between them. Research shows that Canadian provinces trade much more with other Canadian provinces than the U.S states of same economic size and distance. Ontario which is roughly the same distance from Br itish Columbia and Washington traded 7 times more with B.C than Washington in 1990. Despite Washington being a larger economy there was an apparent home bias in Canadian merchandize (Ceglowski, pg 23). There are other nontariff barriers such as licensing, health and safety regulations, gov’t procedures that often impact trade. For example, in early 1990’s Ontario established a 10% tax on all can beers with the aim to encourage container reusing. However, the U.S beer manufactures saw this as a protectionist rule because they mostly sell their beer in cans which meant the tax would have a huge impact on their product (Ceglowski, pg 24). If borders were non-existent and had no impact on trade, there would be no price difference or different currencies between same products in the two countries. In the case of USA and Canada, despite the distance being significantly lower than other trading countries, prices between a city in Canada and USA are higher than it would be between cities within the same country. Even between U.S.A and Canada, there is a difference in currency which is another indicator of a border. International transactions have risks which also act as barriers for international trade (Ceglowski, pg 25). Borders still play critical roles in politics. Some may argue that their functions are changing rather than them fading. Malcolm Anderson considers borders as a dynamic element of the state; they’re used as an instrument of state policy. When governments change the place and function of their borders, it’s for specific benefits for their state and citizens. The policies and actions of state authorities are determined by clearly defined borders and borders are used as national identities. Moraczeska compares the role and place of borders according to their perception, importance and actions taken to execute rules within the borders. In her comparison, Moraczeska compares these aspects from a realistic, transnational and global aspect: Figure 1.0: Table comparing border roles, perception and importance from three aspects (Moraczewska, pg 333) From Moraczeska’s table it is clear that from a realistic, technical view, borders serve as an element of nationality and separation. It acts as a barrier against threats, the border acts to fragment regions with the aid of infrastructure made for securitization purposes and militarisation at the borders. At a transnational perspective, borders still play the role of fragmenting regions but it’s not a solid dividing line. It’s considered permeable where there’s a gradual abolition of infrastructure which opens up flows of goods, money and people. Globally, the borders are perceived as international markets. They’re viewed as a â€Å"virtual line†, a line only seen on a map but don’t exist for global markets which reinforces the concept of the world as a whole becoming borderless. We can also see that globally, the importance of a border is downplayed. It’s not viewed as a barrier but as a unifier for international flows. The border functions as a mixed market system and legal system. So the border is still connected with a territory but its function changes in the way that it divides one zone (economically, monetary, politically) from another but it’s not related to a nation-state but to a market. Borders between these different zones can be sources of profits/benefits or losses therefore, the idea of a borderless world isn’t completely true even from a global perspective (Moraczeska, pg 334-336). Whereas borders seem to be more porous when it comes to trade, U.S borders are becoming more securitized when it comes to immigration. After the terrorist attacks September 11, 2001, the U.S (and multiple other states) has become determined to gain more control over their external borders. The USA has reinforced visa requirements and immigration procedures to control international movement of people. The US has also began construction of hundreds of miles of fencing along its border with Mexico. This process doesn’t only restrict material flow from Mexico to USA but also cuts off thousands of people who benefited from job opportunities (Newman, pg 149). Many other nations around the world such as Thailand, Uzbekistan, Iran, Brazil, Botswana, Spain have also strengthened their existing border barriers (Alexander and Hagen, pg 1197-1198). U.S.A’s border strengthened since the 2002 hearing. During this hearing, technology experts were asked to find a way to fight the war on terror using risk profiling techniques. Two years from this hearing, the US Department of Homeland Security announced a $10 billion project (US VISIT) to restructure and manage US air, land and seaport of entry security. According to Accenture, this project is designed ‘to operate far beyond US boundaries’ enabling Homeland Security to assess security risks of all US-bound travellers, preventing potential threats from reaching the US borders. This biometric border brings extends the government’s ability to examine and govern multiple aspects of daily life. The US VISIT programme acts against the idea of porous international borders that are open for business. It objectifies and categorizes people as subjects and breaks them up into predictable risk factors for him or herself (e.g gender is taken as a possible risk factor f or the subject) or to others (e.g illegal immigrants) (Louise, pg 339). This programme creates multiple boarders even within USA itself. In 2003, Accenture organized workshops for American citizens suggesting that ‘well intentioned Americans should volunteer to help fight the war on terror’ however, insinuations of citizen profiling for the other ethnicities in America such as Arab Americans are never questioned for being more racial and ethnic targeting. This creates a divide between ethnicities within USA (Louise, pg 346). Even though the U.S and other nations around the world have become more open to trade, borders between nations still exist and impact trade flows. The border between USA and Canada has large impacts on the trade flow and prices between the two nations. It can be seen that if two neighboring countries such as these still have border impacts despite the banishing of a lot of barriers and tariffs, countries trading from further will be faced with border impacts as well. This proves the idea of globalization making the world borderless irrelevant. We also saw that borders can be viewed differently and can have different roles. Borders viewed from a global aspect tend to play an integrative role were as from a realistic and transnational perspective, they take on a dividing role. Borders cannot be viewed from a single perspective; they continue to function differently in different scales. Throughout this paper it was also established that borders aren’t just the markings or fences that separate one nation from another, virtual borders within countries (e.g USA) can be formed and are being formed. Therefore, it cannot be argued that the world is becoming borderless. Rather, borders are transforming. Bibliography: Amoore, Louise. Biometric Borders: Governing Mobilities in the War on Terror. Political Geography 25.3 (2006): 336-51. Political Geopgraphy, 2006. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Ceglowski, Janet. â€Å"Has Globalization Created a Borderless World?’ Bangkok: John Stirling for The Nation, 1973. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Diener, Alexander, and Joshua Hagen. Theorizing Borders in a ‘Borderless World’: Globalization, Territory and Identity. WILEY Online Library. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 18 Mar. 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. Moraczewska, Anna. The Chnaging Interpretation Of Border Functions In International Relations. Revista Romà ¢nă De Geografie Politică XII.2 (2010): 329-40. University in Lublin, 23 Nov. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. Newman, David. The Lines That Continue to Separate Us: Borders in Our borderless World. Progress in Human Geography 30.2 (2006): 143-61. Sage Publications. SAGE, 2006. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. Newman, David. World Society, Globalization and a Borderless World: The Contemporary Significance of Borders and Territory. World Society Foundation, 2005. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. Sparke, Matthew. From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics: Transnational State Effects in the Borderlands. Taylor Francis Online. Routledge, 19 Oct. 2007. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. Word Count: 1510 1

Sonnet and Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night Essay -- John Donne D

Sonnet and Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night how how the writer uses the form of poetry to protest against a situation or an attitude and reveal how successful you think he or she is. Sonnet & Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night. Sonnet by John Donne and Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas are two poems about death that seem to convey very different messages. These poems are obviously written by two men with two very different perceptions of death. Both poems are protest poems and challenge ideas that would have been instilled in the writers from an early age. Donne ,who was a priest, would have been brought up in a society where death was feared and at a time when there was much religious debate about where the "soul" goes after death but in his poem he writes that death has no reason to be "proud" because it is not so "mighty and dreadful" as people fear. This is an idea that contrasts greatly with Thomas' poem. Thomas was brought up in a strict religious environment and he would have been taught the ideas that are present in Donne's poem, that death is just the "soul's delivery" and would be like going to sleep , that death is not the end but simply a way on towards heaven . However, Thomas' poem contradicts this idea saying that death is something that everyone should "burn" and "rave" against, this poem shows a very angry and resentful conception of death. The idea behind both poems is that the authors are protesting against death, about how death is seen and how death is treated by people, as well as protesting against how they have been taught to treat death which makes these poems very powerful. Sonnet is written in the form of a sonnet which is ironic as this form ... ...assionate style of writing. This poem also uses imagery but not in the same way as Sonnet, it's images are not really for the reader to relate to, they are fantastic, they do not really seem real but that is the point, death to Thomas is something unknown and something to dread. Thomas' poem seems much more messy than Sonnet, it is contradictory and it is not easy for the reader to understand, they must study it in more depth to get an idea of what it is really about, this however only makes the poem more interesting and realistic because it seems to be straight from Thomas' mind , a jumble of thoughts that seems just to have spilled onto the page. These two poems are forms of protest and both authors have shown that poetry is an excellent way to speak out because these poems are persuasive and convincing arguments for both their very different views.

Shariah Issues in Islamic Banking : Bay Al-Inah, Tawarruq and Wa’d

Abstract The rising of the Islamic banking and finance industry is a direct response to the growing awareness amongst Muslim regarding the need of alternative financial products and services that is complied with the teaching of Islam. To be specifically, the demand is based on the avoidance of the element of Riba which is widely and fundamentally practiced in the conventional banking industry. The attempt by the Islamic banking and finance industry had so far been successful and it could be witnessed by the launching of wide range of Shariah compliant financial products and transaction.However, none of us can guarantee that the Shariah compliant products approved are fault-free absolutely. Among the practices of the industry, the practice of Bay al-Inah or the practice of sale and buy-back, Tawarruq which quite commonly used in Malaysia, have been criticized strongly especially the voices from the Middle East. The other issue that will be discussed briefly in this project paper is t he applicability of Wa’d , the unilateral promise. Key terms of the research 1 Bay al-Inah 2 Tawarruq 3 Wa’d 4 Al Ijarah al Muntahiya Bittamleek 5 Statutory DeclarationObjectives of the research: Identify the issues of the Bay al-Inah , Tawarruq and Wa’d encountered by the Islamic banking industry and proposal of an alternative solution to it. Table of content GENERAL INTRODUCTION SHARIAH ISSUE ONE: Bay al-Inah †¢The Concept †¢Current Practise of the Industry †¢Legitimacy of the Bay al-Inah †¢Alternative Solution SHARIAH ISSUE TWO: Tawarruq †¢The Concept †¢Current Practise of the Industry †¢Legitimacy of the Tawarruq †¢Alternative Solution SHARIAH ISSUE THREE: Wa’d †¢The Concept †¢Legitimacy of Wa’d †¢Solution CONCLUSION REFERENCES GENERAL INTRODUCTIONThe rising of the Islamic banking and finance industry is a direct response to the growing awareness amongst Muslim regarding the need of alterna tive financial products and services that is complied with the teaching of Islam. To be specifically, the demand is based on the avoidance of the element of Riba which is widely and fundamentally practiced in the conventional banking industry. The attempt by the Islamic banking and finance industry had so far been successful and it could be witnessed by the launching of wide range of Shariah compliant financial products and transaction.However, none of us can guarantee that the Shariah compliant products approved are fault-free absolutely. Among the practices of the industry, the practice of Bay al-Inah or the practice of sale and buy-back, Tawarruq which quite commonly used in Malaysia, have been criticized strongly especially the voices from the Middle East. The other issue that will be discussed briefly in this project paper is the applicability of Wa’d , the unilateral promise. SHARIAH ISSUE ONE: Bay al-Inah THE CONCEPTLinguistically, the term â€Å"Inah† carries t he meaning of salaf, or contracting a loan. It is used in this meaning to refer to purchasing on credit. It could also be a derivative of the term â€Å"ayn†, which also means present assets, that is cash. Thus, it denotes a situation whereby one purchases an asset for its subsequent sale on cash that is needed by him. Bay al-Inah is generally defined as an arrangement whereby a seller sells to the buyer some object for cash deferred payment; then, simultaneously, the seller mmediately buys back the same object for a lesser amount than the deferred price in cash. Thus, the transaction amounts to a loan whereby the difference between the two prices represents the interest . Modus Operandi: The above diagram shows the modus operandi of the Bay al-Inah that has been practiced by the Islamic banks in Malaysia so far. In this transaction, the bank sells its asset to the customer who is in need of liquidity on credit. The price under the sale includes the bank’s profit margi n charged on the customer.Subsequently, the bank buys back the asset from the customer for cash payment. Eventually, the customer gets the cash payment, and pay the bank the deferred price over a tenure by periodic instalments which constitutes the same effect and result of a loan . CURRENT PRACTICE IN THE INDUSTRY In Malaysia, the practice of Inah may take 2 names, depending on the original owner of the asset. If the asset to be used belongs to the customer, the contract is known as Bay Bithaman Ajil (BBA). If the asset belongs to the bank, then the contract will be named as Bay al-Inah. ven though the legal documents may differ from one financing to the another, but the common documentation will consist of Property Purchase Agreement (PPA) and Property Sale Agreement (PSA). Besides, the Master Facility Agreement will also be prepared to encapsulate and detail out all necessary ingredients of the facility granted. These documents reveals that though the two sale contracts are execu ted separately without making one of them conditional to the other, the master facility Agreement has clearly indicated the intention of the parties in entering into these two consecutive sale contracts.LEGITIMACY OF BAY AL-INAH The main proponents of Bay al-Inah is the Shafii school. The Shafii jurists have illustrate their permissibility in a situation whereby a person sells a commodity on cash or credit terms and hands over possession, and the parties separate with mutual pleasure about the contract, it is permissible for him to purchase it from the previous buyer for an amount equal to, higher, or lower than the former price, of the same currency as before or different, paying cash or oncredit, after receiving payment for the previous sale or before it.On this basis, according to the authoritative position upheld by the Shafii scholars, the two independent contracts, jointly referres to as â€Å"Inah† are held valid, but reprehensible. This principle even applied when one of the two parties is known for the practice of Inah, as according to the principle upheld by the Shafii school, the intention of the parties, even when it happens to be unacceptable, does not result in the invalidity of the contract, unless such intention is given expression in the contractual text.As a result, it will be the case whereby even the situation indicates the parties’ intention to carry out a second sale, this will not necessitate the invalidity of the contract. In a simple word, the Shafii school considered the intention of the parties only taken into account when the invalid intention is explicitly written in the contract . In the other side, the Maliki and Hanbali schools opined that the contract of Bay al-Inah is not valid.The Maliki jurists have categorized the process in question under buyu’ al-ajal, which concerns on the discussion of various form of two sale contract being taking place in sequence involving combination of different prices and peri ods. They have described 9 possible variations, the permissibility of two of which have been subjects of different opinions, while there is unanimity pertaining to the rest. It was said that when one sells a commodity on a deferred payment and thereafter purchases it again, the price in the second transaction could be deferred for a period equal to the first, shorter than the first, or longer.In each of these situations, the price of the second transaction could be equal to that of the first, lower than, or higher. The types where jurists have differed are: -where the price of the second transaction is lower than that of the first, and is on a cash basis; and -where the price of the second transaction is higher than that of the first and is deferred for a longer period. Imam Maliki and other jurists regard these formats invalid.They considered the second transaction along with the first, and regard the grounds viable enough to suspect that the purpose is to exchange an amount of mon ey with a higher amount that is deferred, which substantially constitutes the prohibited Riba. Hence, the transaction acts as a medium for attaining what is prohibited and it is invalid inherently. The Hanbali school agreed that the Bay al-Inah is not valid as the difference of the selling price of a commodity with profit margin and the lesser buying price transaction serve as an avenue leading to Riba.One could seek to legalise the sale of one thousand against one thousand five hundred by involving an asset in this manner. But, it was also mentioned that if the price of the second transaction is equal to that or higher than the first transaction, then it is permissible since no margin equal to the nature of Riba is involved. The above ruling applies where the commodity had not diminished in any manner after its sale. If it had diminished, it could be purchased at any price, as any decrease in the price could be against the loss of value in the asset, and not for the purpose of Riba .If the purchase is against another asset, or the first sale was against an asset and the commodity is then repurchased for cash, it is permissible due to the fact that Riba is not applicable between money and commodities. If the first sale is on cash, and the second sale takes place through another currency, it is permissible. Basically, the determination of validity in contract is based on the parties’ motive and validity in sale under consideration, the motive of the parties is illegal will put the sale invalid aas it constitutes a legal device to obtain a loan with interest which should be averted.Imam Hanifah from the Hanafi school opined that if the two prices are such that Riba could be applicable such as gold and silver, and are identical in type, for example: gold, it is not allowed to repurchase the sold commodity except at a price equal to the first, without any increase or decrease in price. If the price of the first sale was such that Riba is not applicable, such as commodities, he may repurchase the sold commodity for a price higher than the initial price or lower.If the two prices belong to different types where Riba is applicable such as gold and silver, disparity between them although analogically permissible, but is unlawful based on Istishsan. The majority objection to Bay al-Inah were supported by a number of Hadith attributed to the Prophet and his companions. One of the example was the Hadith that the Prophet warned those who practiced Bay al-Inah with calamity (bala’) or disparagement (dhill). Another example was a report on a Bay al-Inah transaction that had been brought to the knowledge of Aishah r. a. hich read: â€Å"Aliyah binti Ayfa said: I entered Aishah’s place with Umm Walad of Zaid bin Arqam and his wife. Then, Umm Walad of Zaid bin Arqam said: I had sold a slave to Zaid bin Arqam for 800 dirhams on deferred payment. Then I bought him back from Zaid for 600 dirhams cash. Aishah replied: Very bad is what yo u sold and bought. Convey to Zaid that he had nullified his struggle with the Prophet, unless he repented. † ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION Al Ijarah al Muntahiya Bittamleek Under this structure, the bank appoints customer to be its agent to make purchases from the seller.The customer then takes the purchased asset on lease from the bank, for rental payments. At the end of the lease period, the asset will be transferred to the customer via a sale (normally the price of the last rental payment) or as a gift. SHARIAH ISSUE TWO: Tawarruq THE CONCEPT Tawarruq has been generally used to refer to an arrangement whereby a person who was in need of cash bought some goods for deferred payment. Then he sold the goods to another party other than the original seller for payment of cash with a lower price . Tawarruq is considered an alteration based on the Bay al-Inah.The distinction between the Bay al-Inah and Tawarruq is that the person who requires liquidity purchases an asset from a seller on cr edit, thereafter sells it on cash basis at a price lower than the purchase price to the seller in the case of Bay al-Inah. However, Tawarruq involves a third party whereby the one who requires liquidity purchase an asset from someone on credit, and thereafter sells it, usually for a lower price, to a person other than the original seller. So, the structure does not give a direct indication of Hilah solely to undercover the Riba.Modus Operandi: CURRENT PRACTICE IN THE INDUSTRY The concept of Tawarruq contract is popular among the contemporary Islamic financial system. In fact, the short term financing which various adaptions of Murabaha was used as the standard mode by the majority of Islamic banks in the industry is in deed structurally designed based on this Tawarruq principle. However, there are some variation on the simple structure of Tawarruq due to the reason the Islamic banks encounter objections from the classical scholars with the similar stand and analogy as the way they e nounced the Bay al-Inah. One of the most popular variation is the Tawarruq Masrafiy. In this mode of Tawarruq Masrafiy, the Islamic bank is acting as a mere intermediary and does not possess the asset that could be readily brought into the Tawarruq financing process and therefore is in need of liaising with a trader/ broker, usually an external party, for the purpose of facilitating the Tawarruq contract. Similarly, the disposal of such asset by the customer of the facility needs to be further simplified by the mediation of an agent.Hence, this Tawarruq Masrafiy could be more complex in its structure . Modus Operandi: LEGITIMACY OF TAWARRUQ Most of the scholars make their conclusion on the validity of Tawarruq based on the same authorities and analogy of the validity of the Bay al-Inah. The scholars who have upheld the permissibility of Tawarruq have fundamentally relied on the general connotation of the verse permitting sale while prohibiting usury. Tawarruq as a type of sale, is i ncluded within this context of permissibility due to the absence of any Quranic verse or Hadith that rules it unlawful.The proponents somemore cited the Hadith reported by the Companion Abu Said al-Khudri which narrates that a man from the region of Khaybar who had been contracted the upkeep of a plantation came to the Prophet with some dates of good quality. When the Prophet asked him whether all dates of Khaybar were of similar quality, the man replied in the negative and added that they used to obtain a measure of better dates against two measures of ordinary dates, and two measures against three measures.The Prophet forbade him from doing so and directed him to sell the low quality dates against silver coins, and then purchase better dates against silver . This Hadith indicates the permissibility of using the described method for avoiding involvement in Riba overtly or covertly; the medium of a sale is employed, which fulfils all conditions and prerequisites of sales, free of fa ctors that result in its invalidity. The intention of procuring dates of better quality as the end result of the transaction has not been considered to invalidate the material structure.Hence, this shows that the legality og the sale transaction where different purposes are intended when the medium utilized is acceptable and free of Riba explicitly and implicitly. As a conclusion for the proponents, it is permissible to attain liquidity through a medium of sale such as the case of Tawarruq when there is a need for doing so. On the other hand, the denouncers of the Tawarruq have mainly concentrated on the aspect of intention.They argues that the intention here is to procure money, which could tentamount to the sale of money against a different amount of money, while the asset serves only as a medium, the acquisition of which is not primarily intended. Therefore the structure strongly connotes the p[ossibility of a legal stratagem adopted for this purpose. thus a major reason for the disapproval of tawarruq is that it appears to be a Hilah adopted for attainment of what could otherwise be Riba. It is money against money, with a piece of silk cloth pushed in between. † as the stand of Ibn Abbas when he was asked on the question regarding the permissibility issue. One of the frequent cited authorities by these denouncers is the Hadith which reported that The Prophet has said: A time is certainly coming to mankind when people will bite each other and a rich man will hold fast what he has in his possession though he has not commanded for that.Allah the Almighty said: (and do not forget liberty between yourselves), and then those who are forced to contract sales while the Prophet forbade forced contracts, one which involves some uncertainty and sales of fruits before they are ripe. In a simple word, the end result of the whole transaction is their main concern in determining the legality of a particular structure of transaction. Hence, the Tawarruq is deemed no thing but equally to the practice of Riba as the purpose of Tawarruq is to obtain instant cash for a higher consideration later.In the OIC Islamic Fiqh Academy in its 15th Meeting, it was decided that the Tawarruq is allowed. However, in its later meeting, ehich is the 17th Meeeting, the OIC Islamic Fiqh Academy clarified its stand on Tawarruq by stating that the Tawarruq Masrafiy that largely adopted by the Islamic financial institutions is disallowed. The reasoning behind the disapproval is that the Tawarruq Masrafiy practiced by the Islamic banks is in the form of organized Tawarruq or pre-planned Tawarruq rather than ad hoc Tawarruq which cuasing it almost synthetic and fictitious as Bay al-Inah in essence.ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION Since the problem of Tawarruq shares the similar features of the Bay al-Inah, the alternative solution could be the same as discussed in the former part. Hence the Al Ijarah al Muntahiya Bittamleek could be the substitution for both Bay al-Inah and Tawarru q as a solution for avoiding the Riba element concerned. SHARIAH ISSUE THREE: Wa’d THE CONCEPT The 3-letter root WA-A-D (wa’d), corresponding to the verb Wa’ada, indicates a promise but can also be used for a threat.The technical definition of Wa’d (promise) is based upon the linguistic definition, affirming the positive meaning and excluding the negative meaning (threat). A promise has to be for something Ma’ruf (recognized as good by the Shariah and sound intellect). If a promise is to do something evil or wrong, then it is not obligatory to fulfill it and the time in which a promise is to be fulfilled is the future, not the time at which the promise is made. The problem incurred in application of Wa’d is that some banks claim that their unilateral promise (Wa’d) is not binding.However if the customer breaks his/ her unilateral promise, then the bank charges the customer for the loss incurred as a result of not fulfilling his unilat eral promise . LEGITIMACY OF WA’D The resolution 1409H of the Islamic Fiqh Academy has decided that a unilateral promise (Wa’d) which is issued unilaterally by either orderer or the client, is by religion binding upon the promisor except where otherwise justified. It is also judicially binding if it is made contingent upon a reason and if the unilateral promise (Wa’d) entails a cost for the unilateral promise (Wa’d).Insuch cases, the consequences of the binding character of the unilateral promise (Wa’d) are determined by either the fulfillment of the unilateral promise (Wa’d) or by reparation for losses actually incurred as a result of the non-fulfillment of the unilateral promise (Wa’d) without justification. According to the resolution of the Islamic Fiqh Academy that prohibits the Wa’d to be binding on both parties but allowed it to be so on one of them, it is rather too arbitrarily and hardly acceptable. It should be the ot her way round whereby one should treat the Wa’d either binding on both parties or optional for both parties.Making it binding upon one to the exclusion of the other, is illogical and denotes a misinterpretation of jurisprudential principles. In a summary, it is admissible for Wa’d as an alternative to a invalid contract to be binding because Wa’d is analogous to a contract as well. Any suggestion for making it binding upon both or either parties explicitly or impliedly with any other Hilah is not founded on any legitimate basis. SOLUTION The Wa’d is at its best to be excluded in the practice of the Islamic banking legal documentation system due to the uncertainty and arbitrariness.However, the characteristic of the Wa’d might be implemented through a contemporary form of statutory declaration in declaring certain sub-condition for the contract between the bank and customer instead of the main terms and conditions of the contract. For example, if th e real estate was brought on the purpose for self-staying purpose instead of profit generation, then the statutory declaration may be made in declaring this. This might not be the main issue in the construction of the bank’s facility agreement which must be included within the terms but can be proclaimed in the way of declaration.For the consideration and/or performance that is much important which will affect both parties essentially, of course must be included in the facility documents entered by the parties and there is no point to make it in a rather uncertainty form of Wa’d. CONCLUSION The Al Ghazali once said that the very objective of the Shariah is to promote the welfare of the people and whatever ensures the safeguarding of people’s faith, life, intellect, posterity and wealth serves the public interest and is desirable.In the issue of Wa’d, it is certainly not the best form of contracting to the Islamic banking industry that put much demand on c ertainty, hence it would be rather fully utilize the bilateral contract on main consideration/performance or only using the statutory declaration on the least important issue such as the example given since the ambiguity part of the Wa’d is not serving the public interest for all. From the point of Shariah, the Bay al-Inah and Tawarruq is not really serving the welfare of people and it has similar oppressive character of Riba.The banks are still getting the pre-determined rate of return and the application of Bay al-Inah or in other name BBA and Tawarruq is mostly cosmetic. If the Islamic banks label their hamburger as a MECCA burger, as long as it still has the same ingredients as a McDonald’s burger, is it really any different in substance? It is also the case between the Bay al-Inah, Tawarruq with inherent Riba element and the conventional interest-based loan.References: A: Book Dr. Muhammad Saleem (2005), Islamic Banking- Observation and Arguments on Riba (interest or usury), Islamic Banking Practices, Venture Capital and Enlightenment, published by Xlibris Corporation, p26. Professor Rafic Yunus Al-Masri (2002), The Binding Unilateral Promise (Wa’d) in Islamic Banking Operations: Is it Permissible for a Unilateral Promise (Wa’d) to be Binding as an Alternative to a Proscribed Contract? , J.KAU: Islamic Econ, Vol 15: pg29-33 Dr. Mohamad Akram Laldin, The Concept of Promise and Bilateral Promise in Financial Contracts: A Fiqhi Perspective, The International Shariah Research Academy (ISRA), pg 3-30 Muhammad Abd al Ghaffar, al Tatbiqat al Masrafiyyah li al Tawarruq, pg 16 SH1003: Shariah Rules in Financial Transactions of CIFP Module 2012, published by the International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF), pg 97- 129Dr. Mohd Daud Bakar and Dr. Engku Rabiah Adawiah Engku Ali (2008), Essential Readings In Islamic Finance, CERT Publications Sdn Bhd: pg 133-165 http://www. isra. my/media-centre/downloads/finish/7-islamic-b anking/273-the-concept-of-promise-and-bilateral-promise-in-financial-contracts-a-fiqhi-perspective-english/0. html retrieved 17/11/2012 20. 00pm http://dahabshilbank. com/cms. php? id=ijarah_en& retrieved 16/11/2012 16. 00pm

Quejarse Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples

Quejarse Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples The Spanish verb  quejarse  means to complain. Quejarse is conjugated as a regular  -ar  verb, like casarse  or  ducharse.  This article includes the conjugations for  quejarse  in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. How to Use Quejarse Although  quejarse  includes the reflexive pronoun  se, it is not a reflexive verb. Instead, it is a pronominal verb. These verbs are always used with the reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos os, se), but the reflexive pronoun has no function except to accompany the verb. This means that pronominal verbs like quejarse cannot be used without the reflexive pronouns. For example, to say He complains to his boss, you need to say  Ãƒâ€°l se queja con su jefe,  you would never say  Ãƒ ©l queja, without the pronoun  se. Quejarse Present Indicative For the verb quejarse, remember to always include the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb. Yo me quejo I complain Yo me quejo del calor. T te quejas You complain T te quejas del fro. Usted/l/ella se queja You/he/she complains Ella se queja por el mal servicio. Nosotros nos quejamos We complain Nosotros nos quejamos cuando estamos enfermos. Vosotros os quejis You complain Vosotros os quejis con el gerente del restaurante. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se quejan You/they complain Ellos se quejan por cualquier cosa. Quejarse Preterite  Indicative The preterite is one of the two past tenses in Spanish. It is used to talk about completed actions in the past. Yo me quej I complained Yo me quej del calor. T te quejaste You complained T te quejaste del fro. Usted/l/ella se quej You/he/she complained Ella se quej por el mal servicio. Nosotros nos quejamos We complained Nosotros nos quejamos cuando estuvimos enfermos. Vosotros os quejasteis You complained Vosotros os quejasteis con el gerente del restaurante. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se quejaron You/they complained Ellos se quejaron por cualquier cosa. Quejarse  Imperfect  Indicative The other past tense in Spanish is the  imperfect tense, which can be translated as was complaining or used to complain.  The imperfect is used to talk about repeated or ongoing actions in the past. Yo me quejaba I was complaining Yo me quejaba del calor. T te quejabas You were complaining T te quejabas del fro. Usted/l/ella se quejaba You/he/she was complaining Ella se quejaba por el mal servicio. Nosotros nos quejbamos We were complaining Nosotros nos quejbamos cuando estbamos enfermos. Vosotros os quejabais You were complaining Vosotros os quejabais con el gerente del restaurante. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se quejaban You/they were complaining Ellos se quejaban por cualquier cosa. Quejarse Future  Indicative To conjugate the future tense, start with the infinitive of the verb, and add the future tense endings (à ©, s, , emos, à ©is, n). Yo me quejar I will complain Yo me quejar del calor. T te quejars You will complain T te quejars del fro. Usted/l/ella se quejar You/he/she will complain Ella se quejar por el mal servicio. Nosotros nos quejaremos We will complain Nosotros nos quejaremos cuando estemos enfermos. Vosotros os quejaris You will complain Vosotros os quejaris con el gerente del restaurante. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se quejarn You/they will complain Ellos se quejarn por cualquier cosa. Quejarse Periphrastic Future  Indicative In a  periphrastic construction, there are several words that make up a verb form. The periphrastic future is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a,  and the infinitive of the verb. Yo me voy a quejar I am going to complain Yo me voy a quejar del calor. T te vas a quejar You are going to complain T te vas a quejar del fro. Usted/l/ella se va a quejar You/he/she is going to complain Ella se va a quejar por el mal servicio. Nosotros nos vamos a quejar We are going to complain Nosotros nos vamos a quejar cuando estemos enfermos. Vosotros os vais a quejar You are going to complain Vosotros os vais a quejar con el gerente del restaurante. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se van a quejar You/they are going to complain Ellos se van a quejar por cualquier cosa. Quejarse Conditional  Indicative Yo me quejara I would complain Yo me quejara del calor. T te quejaras You would complain T te quejaras del fro. Usted/l/ella se quejara You/he/she would complain Ella se quejara por el mal servicio. Nosotros nos quejaramos We would complain Nosotros nos quejaramos si estuviramos enfermos. Vosotros os quejarais You would complain Vosotros os quejarais con el gerente del restaurante. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se quejaran You/they would complain Ellos se quejaran por cualquier cosa. Quejarse Present Progressive/Gerund Form To form the present participe or gerund  for -ar  verbs, you need the ending -ando.  The present participle can be  used to form progressive verb forms such as the present progressive.   Present Progressive of Quejarse se est quejando She is complaining Ella se est quejando por el mal servicio. Quejarse  Past Participle To form the past participle for -ar  verbs, you need the ending -iendo.  The past participle can be used to form compound tenses, such as the present perfect.   Past Participle of Quejarse se ha quejado  She has complained Ella se ha quejado por el mal servicio. Quejarse Present Subjunctive The  subjunctive mood  is used when a sentence contains  a main clause and a secondary clause with a different subject in each clause, and it communicates doubt, desire, emotion, probabilities, or other subjective situations. Que yo me queje That I complain Julia pide que yo me queje del calor. Que t te quejes That you complain Orlando pide que t te quejes del fro. Que usted/l/ella se queje That you/he/she complain Mayra quiere que ella se queje por el mal servicio. Que nosotros nos quejemos That we complain La enfermera espera que nosotros nos quejemos cuando estemos enfermos. Que vosotros os quejis That you complain Briana pide que vosotros os quejis con el gerente del restaurante. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se quejen That you/they complain Esteban espera que ellos se quejen por cualquier cosa. Quejarse Imperfect  Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive  has two different conjugations, which are equally acceptable. Option 1 Que yo me quejara That I complained Julia peda que yo me quejara del calor. Que t te quejaras That you complained Orlando peda que t te quejaras del fro. Que usted/l/ella se quejara That you/he/she complained Mayra quera que ella se quejara por el mal servicio. Que nosotros nos quejramos That we complained La enfermera esperaba que nosotros nos quejramos cuando estbamos enfermos. Que vosotros os quejarais That you complained Briana peda que vosotros os quejarais con el gerente del restaurante. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se quejaran That you/they complained Esteban esperaba que ellos se quejaran por cualquier cosa. Option 2 Que yo me quejase That I complained Julia peda que yo me quejase del calor. Que t te quejases That you complained Orlando peda que t te quejases del fro. Que usted/l/ella se quejase That you/he/she complained Mayra quera que ella se quejase por el mal servicio. Que nosotros nos quejsemos That we complained La enfermera esperaba que nosotros nos quejsemos cuando estbamos enfermos. Que vosotros os quejaseis That you complained Briana peda que vosotros os quejaseis con el gerente del restaurante. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas se quejasen That you/they complained Esteban esperaba que ellos se quejasen por cualquier cosa. Quejarse Imperative   The imperative mood  is for giving commands or orders. You will notice that the positive and negative commands  are slightly different in the  tà ºÃ‚  and vosotros conjugations. Also, you will notice that the placement of the reflexive pronoun is different in the positive and negative commands. The reflexive pronoun is placed between the  adverb  no  and the verb in negative commands, but it is attached at the end of the verb in positive commands.   Positive Commands T qujate Complain! Qujate del fro! Usted qujese Complain! Qujese por el mal servicio! Nosotros quejmonos Lets complain! Quejmonos cuando estemos enfermos! Vosotros quejaos Complain! Quejaos con el gerente del restaurante! Ustedes qujense Complain! Qujense por cualquier cosa! Negative Commands T no te quejes Dont complain! No te quejes del fro! Usted no se queje Dont complain! No se queje por el mal servicio! Nosotros no nos quejemos Lets not complain! No nos quejemos cuando estemos enfermos! Vosotros no os quejis Dont complain! No os quejis con el gerente del restaurante! Ustedes no se quejen Dont complain! No se quejen por cualquier cosa!

An Easier Life with Diabetes

An Easier Life with Diabetes Free Online Research Papers I have been a Diabetic since 1960. Experience has showed me that over time new and better options become available to assist someone with controlling their Diabetes. Using new techniques and technologies or both often provides better control. Changes may be required if control is not being obtained using what you are using. I’ve made a few changes over time. First of all, I was using a long acting insulin called Lantus. Due to side effects of Lantus, it caused me to faint at various times unexpectedly. Second, the inconvenience of carrying syringes, insulin, and alcohol wipes around with you everywhere you go can be a constant annoyance and even life threatening if you forget them. Finally I switched to an insulin pump which does not use long acting insulin, or require those types of supplies and can provide better management of Diabetes. I switched to using an insulin pump to make my life easier. Over the period of time I’ve had Diabetes, I have used several types of insulin. Doctors determine the choice of what type you should be on, and you use it. There are prompt, short, intermediate, and long-acting insulins, and you may have to use a combination of them. Always striving for the best control, you may be advised by your Doctor to switch to a different insulin type. I was advised to switch to Lantus, so I did. This worked well for me for a while, however eventually I started to get one of the side effects of using Lantus, which was fainting. While at work I fainted twice. It took some time for me to figure out it must be the Lantus insulin that made me faint, but then I knew something had to change. Although it is not fun to change, maybe changing again will be an improvement this time. One of the constants with Diabetes, you always have to prepared for what could occur. It is best to always have your blood monitor with you, to know what your blood sugar level is at. In case of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar level) you should always carry food with you to bring you out of it. In case of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar level), you should carry insulin, syringes, alcohol wipes, and something to carry all this in, so when you need to take a shot, you can do so. Sometimes people will ask you, â€Å"Hey, what’s in the bag†? Then you have to explain, this is all my Diabetes stuff. If you forget any one of these items it can be serious. Not having food with hypoglycemia, not having insulin or the supplies to give yourself a shot if you get hyperglycemic, and not having your blood monitor are things you always need to have with you. It’s an annoyance, but a necessity. Although I know these are all a necessity, I discovered insulin pumps ar e quite resourceful in the methods they use to control Diabetes. After taking shots over 40 years, it was very satisfying to switch to using an insulin pump. I don’t have to take shots several times a day, just do a Bolus when insulin is needed. I don’t have to carry around syringes, needles, as the insulin pump has its own supplies that are used with the pump, and they don’t have to be carried around. It holds up to 300 units of insulin, which is about 3 days worth of insulin. It has many options that someone taking shots cannot do. It supplies a basal rate of insulin, meaning it gives you insulin constantly, and the rate given can be adjusted per hour. Temporary basal rates can be set when doing strenuous exercise or work, to prevent hypoglycemia. You can easily give a bolus amount of insulin, either manually, or let the bolus wizard calculate the amount of insulin you require. My pump, the Medtronic Minimed, can also use a real time continuous glucose monitor, which monitors your blood sugar level, and displ ays it on the pump. With all options the pump can do, gaining control seems closer to me, and a better way of life seems likely. I am now using the Medtronic Minimed insulin pump, to control my Diabetes the best I can, and make my life easier. It uses short acting insulin which I have no side effects to, I don’t have to carry supplies with me, and the pump provides the best control available I believe. Improvements for controlling Diabetes keep coming, and I’m very thankful for them. Research Papers on An Easier Life with DiabetesGenetic EngineeringLifes What IfsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

American Revolutionary War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Revolutionary War - Essay Example With respect to this particular analysis, the author will consider the way in which the group â€Å"The Sons of Liberty† provided just such a catalyst with respect to the events that helped ultimately to lead to through such a unit of analysis, it is the hope of this author that this catalyzing factor will be understood and appreciated to a more full and nuanced degree so that the reader will come to a more complete form of appreciation for the way in which this particular group, as well as many other tangentially related and similar groups within the era, were ultimately the main factors in helping to prompt moderates and firebrands towards a general consensus with respect to exercising the right to self-determination and throwing off the bounds of British colonialism. Through understanding this group and the mechanisms by which it spread and sought to create a newfound colonial identity, the reader can come to a more informed understanding with regards to the way in which th e Sons of Liberty, and groups like it, were absolutely pivotal in determining the course of action that would take place leading up to and including the Revolutionary War period. Firstly, in seeking to understand the Sons of Liberty, it must be understood that this particular group of patriots was ultimately formed as a means of seeking to promote an understanding an integration with the concept of the rights of the colonist. As with many groups, the membership was from a wide array of stakeholders within the society of that time. Individuals who owned large businesses in the growing cities of the colonies along with stakeholders of society that had significantly less in terms of material wealth. This collection of individuals, fervently meeting and discussing aspects of independence and the means through which a further level of rights could be manifest ultimately began to protest the perceived abuses that the British colonials were meting out on them. As a form of this protest, th ese individuals organized street marches as well as planned and engaged in the Boston Tea Party. It is, of course, this Boston Tea Party that the group has become the most famous for in helping to engage the broader population of the colonies in an act of civil disobedience and seek to overthrow the ruling power of the British at that time. The hard-line tactics and level of anxiety and frustration that the Sons of Liberty were able to instill within the individuals they interacted. Naturally, the level of response for these activities was not muted; as the British responded with the Intolerable Acts and cracked down on the ways in which such groups were allowing for a vocal level of societal indignation over the perceived slights that the British government was performing.1 Yet, rather than stymieing their efforts, the success and visibility of the Sons of Liberty only encouraged the formation of further groups throughout the entire nation; spurred on by the rhetoric of liberty and the intense dislike of the way in which the colonies were being administered at that time.2 As a result of the groundswell of sympathy and support that the Sons of Liberty began to receive, they were able to encourage the formation of other revolutionary groups.  

MPH522 - Public Health Law and Policy, Mod 3 SLP Essay

MPH522 - Public Health Law and Policy, Mod 3 SLP - Essay Example markets to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health insurance and health care delivery, to promote the use of medical savings accounts, to improve the access to long-term care services and coverage, and to simplify the administration of health insurance (hhs.gov, 2010). This Act is important because prior to this any insurance company could enforce a waiting period when you got insurance through work for what is called a "previous existing condition". This would put many people essentially without insurance for long periods of time, many times up to 18 months. This act forced insurance companies to do away with pre-existing condition rules when the employee moved from one job to another and either was insured or had Cobra, in other words were continuously insured. This one Act allowed many Americans to remain insured even though they changed jobs (hhs.gov, 2010). Another important aspect of this Act is the fact that it made it possible to have medical savings accounts. These accounts allow the average person to have pre-tax money removed from their paychecks and put into a savings account for use on co-pays and non-covered treatments or visits. This prevents the average insurance holder from having huge medical bills add up that they cannot pay. It also helps pay medication bills in the case of those people who do not have separate medication plans. On the State side, there is the radon laws. This is used in many states but not all. It is section 10-220 and falls under the duties of the board of education. It comes from the Environmental Protection Agency and it allows that all schools must test for Radon at least once a year. However, there is also included in this the fact that heating, ventilation and air conditions systems must be checked, the radon levels in water and air, potential for exposure to microbiological airborne particles, including fungi, mold and bacteria. chemical compounds of concern to indoor air quality, volatile organic compounds,

Concentration Indices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concentration Indices - Research Paper Example This index also shows the amount of competition present among the companies. Basically it takes market shares in account and calculates the sum of shares of the market shares of all the companies present in that particular industry. So if there are N firms in an industry, the HHI is calculated as Where s is the market share of the firm and 'n' represents the number of the firms in the whole industry. If we see a decrease in HHI index we can say that there is an increase in competition and there has been a loss of pricing power and it's vice versa when there is an increase in the value. Other significant variants which typically revolve around the value of HHI are unconcentrated index which is indicated when H index is below 1000. HHI index between 1000 and 1800 indicates moderate concentration value and HHI index above 1800 indicates high concentration Concentration Ration is defined as the percentage of market share which is owned by N largest firms in an industry. Usually the value of N is 4 but sometimes some other larger number is taken. It is expressed as CRn, so a concentration ration for N largest firms in an industry is defined as follows Where s defines the market share of the firm and n defines the number of the large firms if the value of the index is near zero then we can say that the industry is extremely competitive. However as general thumb rule followed by the industry analysts, that if CR value is lower then 40 then it implies that the industry has very stiff competition among the firms present in them and that none of them have a major chunk of market share in them. While on the other scenario where the value is close to 95 then we can say that one firm which is dominating the whole scenario. It can be called a monopolistic scenario. Lerner Index: This index value considers the market positioning of the firm. It talks about the pricing and measures the extent to which a given firm's prices exceed marginal costs. Basically it is measured as the difference between the price and the marginal cost of the goods and it is defined as One thing we need to understand is that a high index value does not indicate the firm's exercising market power. Prices may exceed marginal costs Gini Coefficient: One of the most famous indexes is the gini coefficient; it is termed as a measure of inequality of a distribution. It is defined as the ratio of areas on the Lorenz curve If the area between the line of perfect equality and Lorenz curve is M, and the area under the Lorenz curve is N, then we can say that the Gini coefficient is M/(M+N). we can say that this index is used as health inequality or finance related inequality metrics. It is termed between 0 and 1 where if it becomes 0 it is termed as perfect income or health equality. And 1 related to perfect inequality. A practical value usually lies in between them. Costs and Benefits of the Indices There are benefits and advantages of some of the indices and some issues with others. If we look at HHI index we can say that it is a costly proposition. It considers all the firms in one single industry and if suppose the industry has 10000 firms under its belt then taking the considerations of 10000

Religious Terms for Judaism, Mormonism, and Catholicism Essay Example for Free

Religious Terms for Judaism, Mormonism, and Catholicism Essay Once a person has truly, sincerely repented (which is done by asking God for forgiveness) due to their feelings of remorse, they are taught to put the sin behind them and not to dwell on it. Although it is also said that Brigham Young (1801- 1877), the second Mormon prophet,in the case of serious sins, it is the murder of the sinner and the literal mixing of his blood with the earth that results in forgiveness, which is also called blood atonement. (Quoted from a previous Mormon) Mormon views on contrition: â€Å"By being Mormons we are assured of salvation We believe that even if we are wrong about Mormonism, God will forgive us since we believed in Christ just like the Christians said we should. If we are right, and we know we are, then we will be together forever with our families as gods. Why should we want to be anything other than Mormons since we have all our bases covered?† Basically, although they apparently ask God for forgiveness due to their contrition that develops when they commit things they consider as a sin, Mormons don’t worry over the fact that they could be wrong since salvation is already assured when converting to Mormonism. Nevertheless, they still do believe that you should feel contrition when you commit a sin and should seek repentance/forgiveness from God. Mormon views on penance: Forgiveness is essential part of enjoying happiness in life; salvation. The aspects of forgiveness are repentance, prayer and forgive all who hurt. The Mormon Church rejects the concept of penance believing it has nothing to do with the penitence; turning away from sins. Mormon views on atonement: They believe that atonement of Jesus Christ makes it possible for us to receive forgiveness, which comes from genuine atonement; alleviating pain and guilt from past sins. It also brings comfort and joy. Mormon (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) views on sorrow: The fourth concept I would like to stress is what the scriptures term â€Å"godly sorrow† for our sins. It is not uncommon to find men and women in the world who feel remorse for the things they do wrong. Sometimes this is because their actions cause them or loved ones great sorrow and misery. Sometimes their sorrow is caused because they are caught and punished for their actions. Such worldly feelings do not constitute â€Å"godly sorrow.† Godly sorrow is vividly portrayed in two places in scripture. In the final days of the Nephite nation, Mormon said of his people: â€Å"their sorrowing was not unto repentance, because of the goodness of God; but it was rather the sorrowing of the damned, because the Lord would not always suffer them to take happiness in sin. Mormon (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) views on penitence: Penitence is one of the first principles of the gospel and is essential to our temporal and eternal happiness. It is much more than just acknowledging wrongdoings. It is a change of mind and heart that gives us a fresh view about God, about ourselves, and about the world. It includes turning away from sin and turning to God for forgiveness. It is motivated by love for God and the sincere desire to obey His commandments Mormon views on sin: Mormons believe that if we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us; if we confess our sins, Jesus will forgive us of our sins; all people sin; Jesus Christ was the only sinless person ever to have lived on the Earth; through the Atonement of Jesus Christ, each person can repent and be forgiven of his sins. Mormon views on revenge: Mormon’s view of revenge is they should not seek revenge upon someone else even if they treated them badly. They view revenge as a sin. However, some Mormons believe that they should promote revenge. Catholic views on remorse: Remorse is a product of wishful-thinking and implies the wish to avoid sin; repentance implies the determined will to avoid it. Remorse is conditional; repentance is absolute. The remorseful would like to avoid sin if doing so did not entail so much effort and sacrifice, and if he had enough faith, hope and charity. Remorse is a keen sense of guilt over having done something wrong. It is self-reproach coupled with a certain degree of discouragement either to undo the wrong or, more rarely, of being forgiven. Catholic views on contrition: (Father John A. Hardon, SJ)- Contrition is the act or virtue of sorrow for ones sins. The virtue of contrition is a permanent disposition of soul. However, only an act of contrition is required for the remission of sin, whether with or without sacramental absolution. The act of contrition is a free decision involving a detestation of and grief for sins committed and also a determination not to sin again.. Concretely, it means the desire to regain the divine friendship, either lost or injured by sin. There must also be a determination not to sin again. Four qualities permeate a genuine act of contrition and affect all three constituents of the act, the detestation, the grief, and the determination not to sin again. A valid contrition is internal, supernatural, universal, and sovereign. Contrition is internal when it is sincere and proceeds from the will, when it is not the result of a mere passing mood or emotional experience. It is supernatural when inspired by actual grace and based on a motive accepted on faith. It is universal when the sorrow extends to all mortal sins, and for valid sacramental absolution there must be sorrow for whatever sins are confessed. It is finally sovereign if the sinner freely recognizes sin as the greatest of all evils and is willing to make amends accordingly. Catholic views on penance: Sacrament (signs of grace by Christ) which forgiveness of sins committed after baptism granted by priest; penance is the showing true sorrow confessions. Confession or tribunal to penance is when a person admits wrong doings to priest. Catholics believe the sacrament of penance because God’s grace can heal a wounded soul. After penance, priest gives penance to perform such as volunteer work, donations or say prayers. Catholic views on atonement: It is the reconciliation to God. It is forgiven sins through the death of Jesus Christ by crucifixion. It is a moral change where in the purpose for Jesus was to influence mankind morally. Catholic views on sorrow: The pain or distress experienced because of some adversity that is felt personally. The sorrow may be over a loss or misfortune for which a person feels guilty, as in the case of sin; or the sorrow may be totally vicarious, out of compassion for someone else. Essential to the notion of sorrow is that it refers to what has already happened and its painful effects are still experienced. Catholic views on penitance The state of being repentant for having sinned. It is therefore a disposition of soul, arising from a realization of ones sinfulness and includes the willingness to expiate the wrongdoing. The penitential act is the invitation by the priest at Mass, after the opening salutation, to have the congregation acknowledge their sinfulness. This is followed by the Appeal for Mercy, the Kyrie, unless the pleas for forgiveness were already included in the penitential act. Normally each invocation is sung (or said) twice, but there may be further repetitions and also brief text insertions (tropes) if the circumstances warrant such additions. The penitential chain is a metal chain, with sharp points piercing the flesh, worn around the waist, arms, or legs by certain religious men and women as a means of penance or mortification. Catholic view of sin: Augustine of Hippo (354-430) regarded sin as a word, deed or desire contrary to the eternal law. Sin is a deliberate transgression of a law of God, which identifies the four essentials of every sin. Sin is a transgression, since Catholicism holds that grace is resistible and the divine will can be disobeyed. And the transgression is deliverate, which means that a sin is committed whenever a person knows that something is contrary to the law of God and then freely does the action anyway. Catholic moral theology divides sin into two parts. Mortal (Deathly) sin is the most serious as it involves loss of sanctifying grace. A person who dies with unremitted mortal sin would be in danger of eternal separation from God in Hell. Venial (Pardonable) sin does not directly destroy the relationship with God. Rather, it weakens that relationship. Unremitted venial sins can affect the duration spent in Purgatory. Therefore the church encourages confession of these types of sins as well. Examples o f venial sins include selfishness, anger and jealousy. God is offended, so that the divine dimension is never absent from any sin. Catholic views on revenge: Catholics believe that you shouldn’t retaliate, seek revenge or to kill. You should love enemies, do good to those who hate, and bless those who persecute. Revenge is the act or intention of inflicting injury on someone, on ones own authority, to repay an offense committed. It is a manifestation of unjustifiable anger and is one of the most common human failings that take on a variety of forms, from a momentary silence or frown to defamation of character or physical violence. As a form of sinful anger, it is an unruly desire for vengeance. The desire is immoderate if a person wants the undeserving to be punished, or the guilty to be punished excessively, or the punishment to be meted out in an unlawful manner or in order to vent ones own spite. Judaism views on remorse: According to Gates of Repentance, a standard work of Jewish ethics written by Rabbi Rabbenu Yonah of Gerona, if someone commits a sin, a forbidden act, he can be forgiven for that sin if he performs teshuva. The first step one must take in teshuva is to feel remorse for the sin you have committed. In other words, you have to acknowledge the sin and sincerely regret doing it. The remorseful would like to undo his sin, but he has not the requisite determination to remove the occasions of sin and surmount the obstacles to reform. Judaism views on contrition: Contrition admits neither ifs nor buts, and does not recognize the sacrosanctity of ruts. (Quoted from Rabbi David Rosen)- Above all, contrition and compassion are the indispensable coefficients of all rituals of forgiveness, whether they be expiatory sacrifices (Lev. 5:5-6 ; 16:21 ; Num. 5:6-7) or litanies for fasting (Joel 2:12-14 ; I Sam. 7:5-6). At the same time, inner contrition must be followed by outward acts; remorse must be translated into deeds. Judaism views on penance: Judaism doesn’t recognize penance as necessary in process of sin; repentance. Rabbis don’t prescribe penance, but spiritual discipline in presence if sin. Judaism views on atonement: It is the process of a crime committed to be forgiven; pardoned. Atonement is achieved by repentance, confession, service, and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), which is a period of fasting or prayer. Atonement of Judaism is â€Å"deflect the soul†; atone sins of past years. Judaism views on sorrow: We view these painful sufferings as part of our Redemptive process. It is regarding these troubles that the verse states, â€Å"It is a time of tribulation for Jacob, from which he will be delivered†-from the trouble itself will come the salvation. We are imbued with faith in the G-d of Israel, Who promised Abraham, â€Å"To your descendants I have given this Land, from the Egyptian river up to the great river, the Perat River. We have eternal trust in the G-d of Israel, Who promised Jacob, â€Å"The Land on which you lie I will give to you and to your descendants.† The Word of the G-d of Israel will Together with the sorrow we feel over the tearing asunder of Eretz Yisrael, we also feel joy in our hearts on the continuing process of the Ingathering of the Exiles, over the building up of the Land of Israel and Jerusalem. The people continue to stream back to their Land, and the Land returns to its children. The Torah returns to Eretz Yisrael, and the people return to their origins, their foundations. The People that was â€Å"scattered and separated among the nations,† is now becoming re-united at home, in Eretz Yisrael. True, this joining of the various parts of the nation is somewhat painful at times, as in a life-saving operation, but this pain is an integral part of the regrouping the â€Å"dry bones† into one body. Judaism views on penitence: The conventional view of penitence sees it as an effort to redress a particular transgression in the area of mans relationship with God or to his fellow man. For Rabbi Kook, penitence is the surge of the soul for perfection, to rise above the limitations imposed by the finitude of existence. It is a reach for reunion with God from whom all creation has been separated by the descent to a particular incarnation of earthly existence. Penitence, in other words, is only one aspect of the drama of human life on its eternal return to the Divine, from whom it has descended. Judaism views on sin: Jews believe that there are three kinds of sin. There are three kinds of sin in Judaism: sins against God, sins against another person, and sins against you. According to Jewish beliefs, a person sins when he or she sins they simply missed the mark. Judaism views on revenge: Jews consider revenge differently from Christians. They view on forgiveness vs. justice. If a crime has been committed, it is just to punish the criminal for the greater good and safety of the community. Also, forgiveness should not be granted for serious injury unless the offender has repented and asked forgiveness from his/her victim, and even then some crimes such as murder are deemed by the Torah unforgivable due to the irrevocable nature of the act