A Letter to Seamus Heaney Commenting on His Poetry Essay

Coimisià ºn na Scrà ºduithe Stà ¡it State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2005 English – Higher Level – Paper 2 Total Marks: 200 Wednesday, 8 June – Afternoon, 1.30 – 4.50 Candidates must attempt the following:†¢ ONE question from SECTION I – The Single Text †¢ ONE question from SECTION II – The Comparative Study †¢ ONE question on the Unseen Poem from SECTION III – Poetry †¢ ONE question on Prescribed Poetry from SECTION III – Poetry N.B. Candidates must answer on Shakespearean Drama. They may do so in SECTION I, The Single Text (Hamlet, As You Like It) or in SECTION II, The Comparative Study (Hamlet, As You Like It) INDEX OF SINGLE TEXTS Wuthering Heights Silas Marner Amongst Women Hamlet As You Like It − Page 2 − Page 2 − Page 2 − Page 3 − Page 3 Page 1 of 8 SECTION I THE SINGLE TEXT (60 marks) Candidates must answer one question from this section (A – E). A WUTHERING HEIGHTS – Emily Brontà « (i) â€Å"Heathcliff deserves the sympathy of the reader of Wuthering Heights.† Write a response to this statement, supporting your views by reference to the text. OR (ii) â€Å"The novel Wuthering Heights portrays a clash between two worlds represented by Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange.† Discuss this view of the novel, supporting your answer by reference to the text. B SILAS MARNER – George Eliot (i) â€Å"The story of Silas Marner has the magic of a fairy-tale, which leaves the reader feeling good about people.† Write a response to this view of the novel, supporting your answer by reference to  the text. OR (ii) â€Å"Godfrey Cass is not perfect, but, in the eyes of the reader, he is always a better man than his brother, Dunsey.† Write your response to this statement, supporting it by reference to the text. C AMONGST WOMEN – John McGahern (i) â€Å"Michael Moran undoubtedly loves his sons, but his love contributes little to their happiness.† Discuss this view of the relationship between Michael Moran and his sons. Support your answer by reference to the text. OR (ii) â€Å"Unlike the men, the women in Amongst Women support each other very well.† Discuss this statement confining your attention to the female characters in the novel. Support your answer by reference to the text. Page 2 of 8 D HAMLET – William Shakespeare (i) In your opinion, what is the appeal of the play, Hamlet, for a twenty-first century audience? Support the points you make by reference to the text. OR (ii) â€Å"We admire Hamlet as much for his weaknesses as for his strengths.† Write a response to this view of the character of Hamlet, supporting your points by reference to the text. E AS YOU LIKE IT – William Shakespeare (i) â€Å"Rosalind’s attitudes and qualities make her a very attractive character.† Do you agree with the above view? Support your answer by reference to the play. OR (ii) â€Å"The play, As You Like It, presents many opportunities for dramatic performance.† Write your response to the above statement, supporting it by reference to the play. Page 3 of 8 SECTION II THE COMPARATIVE STUDY (70 marks) Candidates must answer one question from either A – The General Vision and Viewpoint or B – Literary Genre. In your answer you may not use the text you have answered on in SECTION I – The Single Text. N.B. The questions use the word text to refer to all the different kinds of texts available for study on this course, i.e. novel, play, short story, autobiography, biography, travel writing, and film. The questions use the word author to refer to novelists, playwrights, writers in all genres, and film-directors. A 1. THE GENERAL VISION AND VIEWPOINT â€Å"Each text we read presents us with an outlook on life that may be bright or dark, or a combination of brightness and darkness.† In the light of the above statement, compare the general vision and viewpoint in at least two texts you have studied in your comparative course. (70) OR 2. (a) With reference to one of the texts you have studied in your comparative course, write a note on the general vision and viewpoint in the text and on how it is communicated to the reader. (30) Compare the general vision and viewpoint in two other texts on your comparative course. Support the comparisons you make by reference to the texts. (40) (b) Page 4 of 8 B 1. LITERARY GENRE Write a talk to be given to Leaving Certificate students in which you explain the term Literary Genre and show them how to compare the telling of stories in at least two texts from the comparative course. (70) OR 2. â€Å"Powerful images and incidents are features of all good story-telling.† (a) (b) Show how this statement applies to one of the texts on your comparative course. (30) Compare the way in which powerful images and incidents are features of the story-telling in two other texts on your comparative course. Support the comparisons you make by reference to the texts. (40) Page 5 of 8 SECTION III POETRY (70 marks) Candidates must answer A – Unseen Poem and B – Prescribed Poetry. A UNSEEN POEM (20 marks) Answer either Question 1 or Question 2. BACK YARD Shine on, O moon of summer, Shine to the leaves of grass, catalpa and oak, All silver under your rain tonight. An Italian boy is sending songs to you tonight from an accordion. A Polish boy is out with his best girl; they marry next month; tonight they are throwing you kisses. An old man next door is dreaming over a sheen that sits in a cherry tree in his back yard. The clocks say I must go – I stay here sitting on the back porch drinking white thoughts you rain down. Shine on, O moon, Shake out more and more silver changes. Carl Sandburg 1. (a) Do you like the world that the poet describes in this poem? Give reasons for your answer supporting them by reference to the text. (10) Choose a line or two that you find particularly appealing and explain why. (10) (b) OR 2. Write a personal response to the poem ‘Back Yard’. (20) Page 6 of 8 B PRESCRIBED POETRY (50 marks) Candidates must answer one of the following questions (1 – 4). 1. â€Å"The appeal of Eavan Boland’s poetry.† Using the above title, write an essay outlining what you consider to be the appeal of Boland’s poetry. Support your points by reference to the poetry of Eavan Boland on your course. 2. What impact did the poetry of Emily Dickinson make on you as a reader? Your answer should deal with the following: – Your overall sense of the personality of the poet – The poet’s use of language/imagery Refer to the poems by Emily Dickinson that you have studied. 3. Write about the feelings that T.S. Eliot’s poetry creates in you and the aspects of his poetry (content and/or style) that help to create those feelings. Support your points by reference to the poetry by T.S. Eliot that you have read. Write an article for a school magazine introducing the poetry of W.B. Yeats to Leaving Certificate students. Tell them what he wrote about and e xplain what you liked in his writing, suggesting some poems that you think they would enjoy reading. Support your points by reference to the poetry by W.B. Yeats that you have studied. 4.

A Comparative Study of Journalistic Ethics

1. Introduction In the past, people used to rely heavily on the traditional mainstream media when obtaining information. As a result, the newspaper world boomed and developed extensively during the 70s . With rapid development of Internet journalism by the end of the twentieth century , visual convergence of media has become more pronounced . Hence, the printed newspaper industry diminished sharply with only 14circulations left in 2011 .Such a scenario could be explained further by Hall’s estimation that people living in the developed world incline to get news from the Internet rather than buying hard copies in the twenty-first century . A continuous expansion on network journalism would gradually out-bid the mainstream printed newspaper industry as online attainment of information has become increasingly predominant . Yet, persistent erosion in circulation on Print was foreseeable. Take the Washington Post Company as an example, with growing online competition, 7. % of profit fell was reported in its printed newspaper division last year. For each dollar added to online revenue, the WaPo lost five dollars on print. Shrinkage of the print sector revealed the importance of a diversified structure in the purpose of offsetting the tremendous lost in print and meeting the ever-changing market demand . A similar logic also works within the local media press. In response to the keen competition, Next Media Limited keeps diversifying its business by introducing the Apple Action News (our targeted media channel) chiefly to absorb the new generation.According to the statistical data from the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd. , the founding of the Apple Action News has raised company’s profit by 4. 8% from 2006 to 2008. To take a more in-depth analysis about this scenario, the following paragraphs would focus on explaining how the proliferation of technologies influences the print newspaper in term of new production process and reporters' professio nalism. 2. Methodology The objective of this research was to investigate the Journalistic Ethics between Apple Daily and Apple Action News.The study is based on an A1 printed newspaper namely â€Å" †and its animated version called â€Å" † dated 22nd April,2011. As the whole study is only based on the 2 media texts, the issue of how Journalistic Professionalism has changed with the Internet might not be thoroughly reflected; therefore, some relevant reading materials were located from the internet, printed books and online journals to make the research more comprehensive. The findings mainly divided into 2 sections whereas each section could be partition into 2 parts.As for the analysis, the first part demonstrated a discussion with the major differences between Apple Daily and Apple Action News in the process of news production; followed by the part on the major differences between the new media and traditional news in terms of journalistic ethic and professional s tandards. It is found that the professional standard of the targeted texts are more or less the same, there are only slight variations in some criteria. In the discussion section, emphasis is put on the pros and cons of the new news media and the future development of news media respectively.The positive and negative influences of news media would be discussed in a macroscopic manner. With thrives in technological development, new news media has brought a remarkable breakthrough to the development of journalism. It is expected that gradual and piecemeal changes will be coming up in purpose of extending market share. 3. Analysis 3. 1 Process of News Production Generally speaking, the production of news operates through multiple tasks of meaning-making. News gathering is the initial stage of the news fabrication process.It is followed by a series of procedures like putting information into message, graphic editing, as well as publishing. With reference to both the A1 newspaper headlin ed â€Å" † from Apple Daily and â€Å" † from Apple Action News dated 22nd April,2011 , the issue of how the process of news production has changed with the Internet will be discussed further. Figure 2 The traditional news process 3. 1. 1 News Gathering Gatekeeping Journalism primarily looked at gatekeepers as selectors or human information filters.Shoemaker defined gatekeeping as â€Å"the process by which billions of messages that are available in the world were being cut down and transforming into hundreds of messages that reach a given person on a given day† . Nevertheless, gatekeeping occurs at all levels of the media structure. It ranges from reporter’s decision on sources selection to editor’s decision on which story to be covered or printed; media outlet owners or even advertisers are sometimes involved in process of decision making. The production of printed newspaper involves fewer gatekeepers when compared with the production of media ted news.At the very beginning, journalist of both the printed section and the animated department would go through similar procedures. Soon after the release of â€Å"warning letter† by OMD, journalists would gather comments from different parties concerned such as Miss Mak Yin Ting, the Chairperson of the Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) and the Legislative councilors Emily Lau Wai-Hing were both interviewed. While the journalist was preparing the draft, the graphic designer would enrich the story by choosing relevant photos. In our case, it is the picture with Dr. Raymond Ch'ien Kuo Fung and Sir Chung Kong Chow.As time went on, the draft has already gone through major procedures involving different gatekeepers, i. e. the journalists and the graphic designers etc. As for animated news version, it is noted that there will be a few more gatekeepers. Animators, script writers and dubbing artists would work in accordance with different occasions. In our case, the script writers would write the script and handover to the dubbing artists to voice over the story. Then, the animator would be responsible for the video formatting. He /She made use of different multimedia special effects to edit the news in order to make news more interesting and attractive.For instance, past MTR advertisements was inserted as background or analog sound was used to report the MTRC poster. Agenda-setting McCombs and Shaw (1972) have explored the Agenda-setting effect that the news media, by display of news, determine what people think about. Through the day-by-day selection of news stories and decisions about how to interpret these stories, newsmakers provide us about what are the important issues of the day . From the above examples, the following paragraphs will focus on how the Agenda-setting affecting our perspective. On 22nd April,2011, with reference to the suggested click through rate ( , â€Å" † which is a C1 news was placed at the top of the agenda. Howe ver, â€Å" † was placed at the A1 on the Apple Daily printed version. Obviously, there is a complete different Agenda-setting between the two. The animated news tends to select entertainment news whereas political news was selected in the printed version. For most media organizations, especially those market-oriented, newsmakers would consider what their readers can accept or have interest to know about when selecting and interpreting the news . Back to our topic, difference in target readers of the online news and printed news indeed matters.The newsmaker understands that the seriousness of the issue in A1, the direct relation to one’s daily life are concerns of the newspaper reader, that is why the newsmakers select the â€Å" † in the A1. On the contrary, the readers of animated news may be fond of more relaxed, juicy, entertaining news while surfing the net during leisure time. The situation can be revealed from table of top ten highest click rate ( ) in April , majority of the news listed is sensational such as â€Å" ! † ranked first with about 443466 clicks, â€Å"! †came fifth with 297366 clicks and â€Å" ranked the eighth with 286133 clicks. It can be seen that Internet users tend to read exciting and spicy news. That is why entertainment news about Suen Xing drug abuse was placed on top of the on-line news agenda to attract more on-line readers. In short, with reference to different target readers, newsmakers will have a different Agenda-setting. Notwithstanding, the sense of Agenda-setting will directly affect readers’ cognition of â€Å"newsworthy items†. 3. 1. 2News writing Framing Framing allows journalists to emphasize some aspects they want and downplay other aspects by selection, elaboration and exclusion .To determine whether new technology would shed a light in process of framing; the following will demonstrate an assessment with respect to five criteria, 1) language implication, 2) inter viewee’s identity, 3) interviewee’s quote, 4) tone of presentation and 5) headline implication. 1. Language implication In terms of language implication, it is obvious that both the printed version and the animated version have attempted to use subjective phrases and negative wordings. It may be explained by journalists’ strong intention to devalue as well as to shape a negative image on MTRC.Yet, there are many ways to tell the same story. A single word can change meaning a lot. An extract from the animated version reads â€Å" , †, the choice of biased words functioned to gain attention whereas Printed News of plain languages or mild wordings presented the same message as â€Å"OMD , †. In short, new technology implies a stronger meanings or higher levels of subjectivity with regard to langue use. 2. Interviewee identities Concerning the interviewee’s identities, both the targeted media texts selected mainly negative comments or opinions f rom different parties concerned.None of the comments extracted was Pro-MTRC. It is believed that journalists tend to seek one’s assent in dissatisfying with the immoral behaviours of the MTRC; journalists made good use of the interviewees’ testimonial through upholding the authoritative comments in motivating their readers. For example, the targeted texts have selected the criticisms likeâ€Å" † and â€Å" (MTRC) ! † from Miss Mak Yin-ting, the Chairperson of HKJA, who is convincing to public and eligible to typify the journalists as a whole.It is found that animated news seemed to present the more negative image towards MTRC than that of the printed newspaper. It may be explained by time limits in online news; the journalists downplayed some aspects by selection, elaboration and exclusion in order to show the readers the key points and let readers grasp the main ideas within a short period of time . Hence, it is considered to be natural that the animate d version did not show any interviews on behalf of government or MTRC. However, printed newspaper did incorporate more extensive comments providing readers a thoughtful understanding towards the reporting issue.The newspaper journalists could have begun the story on the front page and carrying over to one or more inside pages which involves readers† jumping pages†. 3. Interviewee quotes As for interviewee quote, similar logic is also practiced. The slight difference is noted by more quotations are shown in newspaper. As both journalists were upholding a strong negative message that parties concerned were totally disappointed with what MTRC did. Hence, they mainly quoted interviewees’ negative comment. These quotations functioned to solidify the message about MTRC’s immoral act.Apart from the journalist comments and remarks from the Chairperson of HKJA and media veteran Mr. Ng Chi-sum, journalist in newspaper also quoted interviewee’s negative comment on government as well. For example â€Å" , †¦Ã¢â‚¬  from Miss Mak Yin-ting. The journalists attempted to emphasize the irresponsibility of the government, which did not report in the animated news. 4. Tone of presentation For the tone of presentation, newspaper mainly criticizes the MTRC through plain languages whereas the animated news mainly presented the news verbally with the voice over. The story was reported like story-telling.Reporter’s judgment was obviously shown in the animated news. The tone used, thereby, of critic may belong to stronger reporters’ feelings and emotions. The sentences â€Å"?! , ,! † from the Script of Apple Action News revealed more identification with the reporter’s stance than that of the printed ones. 5. Headline implication â€Å" †and â€Å" † both acted on a negative implication on the MTRC. Negative words â€Å" † was used in both headlines to describing MTRC’s misbehaviors, journ alists tends to framed their readers’ mind by fostering the message that â€Å"MTRC was conscienceless†. Typically, â€Å" framed with a large font size in the printed newspaper functioned to catch reader attention. This matched with Orson Welles saying â€Å"If the headline is big enough, it makes the news big enough. † In regard to the subheading of the printed newspaper copy, â€Å" †, â€Å" † and â€Å" † further upheld the above idea and at the same time showed MTRC’s disrespectful towards Journalism. In short, to a small extent, new technology has shed a light in process of framing. Notwithstanding, with reference to the targeted media texts, the language implication and the tone of presentation made certain effects on shaping one’s perception. . 1. 3News editing Editing includes suggestions for sentence structure, word usage, and vocabulary. Examples are given of editing for objectivity, handling wire copy, proofreadin g, developing stories, and compiling. Other aspects of news editing skills include polishing headlines, typography, makeup, and news judgment . The editing of the news between traditional and online media is different. First of all, animated news has a higher flexibility. Editor needs to decide the typesetting of different news in newspaper by personal experience because previous sales volume cannot show which type of news is reader wanted.It is difficult to immediately respond to the market demand. In contrast, through the click-through rate of different animated news in the website, editor can predict what type of news, presumably entertainment news, is audience’s favourite. It is found that â€Å" † placed in A1 ranked the third namely â€Å" † in the suggested animated news’ agenda, while â€Å" † was placed at the top. Hence, new technology allows quicker and direct responses in regard to audience’s taste. In terms of news coverage, e ditor can make news more interesting and attractive by advancement of technology.Traditional media can take advantage of multimedia technology to add special effect when reporting the news. In the newspaper, it mainly depends on words with a few photos to depict the image of MTRC in the news. However, animated news are of video format, which allow editor to add lots of special effects, such as inserting MTR advertisements as background while playing the process of interview and analog sound to report the MTRC poster which was spoofed. As a result, advanced technology allows editor to make use of different multimedia special effects to edit the news in order to make news more interesting and attractive.Yet, newspaper was far more comprehensive than animated news. Because of the consideration of play time, file size, the maximum duration of animated news is around 2 minutes. Therefore shorter, simplified news with more visualized elements is generated on-line. As for the printed newsp aper, a more comprehensive reporting is allowed. Thus, advancement of technology may risk oversimplifying the news content. In brief, there is no doubt advanced technology can help editor to typeset the sequence of news to satisfy demand of market.It can make news become more interesting and attractive for audience to watch. However, it may have certain bad effects on the comprehensiveness of news as the play time limits the range of news content. Concerning the above section, there are some differences between the two targeted media texts. Though they share similar meaning making procedures, more gatekeeper and different agenda setting, more framing as well as more editing are found in the animated news. 3. 2The major differences between the new media and traditional news in terms of ethical/professional standardsWhile the proliferation of technologies gives rise to the growth of animated news and online TV news, there is growing concern about its impact on journalists’ prof essionalism. The following paragraphs would demonstrate a discussion on the degree of changes with respect to 5 criteria: 1) Truth, 2) Accuracy, 3) objectivity, 4) Balance, and 5) Fairness. It is discovered that 2 out of 5 criteria for evaluating Journalists’ professionalism listed above have certain degree of changes. They are the accuracy and the fairness. The other criteria are remained more or less the same. 3. 2. Similarities on Journalists’ Professionalism after Introducing Online Platform First, there is little or even no change to the truthfulness of news while news media presentation is changed from print to online media. Similar truthfulness of news issue is found in both print newspaper and online video of Apple Daily . Kovack and Rosenstiel regard truthfulness as the foundation of the sense of security that grows form awareness and as the essence of news . In this sense, journalists are asked to report what someone has said and base on what they have seen, which can be recorded and checked .Both the animated version and the Printed version have reported the issue about the release of warning letter from OMD highlighting that the letters concerned the right to cancel or reschedule any media insertion when there is any negative reporting in the newspaper publication. Apparently, it is known that both versions are based on the information gathered from OMD and they were being verified accordingly. Therefore, different presentations of news issues do not affect the truthfulness of news. Second, there is no significant difference between the online and print news articles in term of the degree of objectivity.Both the news articles of Apple Daily, either in print and as video, are presented with great subjectivity. Frost has defined objectivity as the following statement -â€Å"it means that the journalists should not let his or her subjective feelings or views intrude into a report†. In other words, one should stands aloof from any decision-making, being neutral and taking neither side . It is found that both online and print versions demonstrated a subjective reporting. Reporters of online and print versions subjectively considered MTR as shameless, revealed by headlines â€Å" on print and â€Å"! † on video. The only difference between them is that the former was written with standard Chinese while the latter was expressed in oral Cantonese. Furthermore, in the print newspaper, the reporters described the letters from OMD as â€Å" † in quotation marks and criticized the Hong Kong Government using sentences like â€Å" , , †. For the online video, there is sentence of â€Å" like?! † by the voice-over. The editors subjectively decided what the response of MTR Company was.These show that the reporters has subjectively included their opinions into the news report and tried to make decision for the readers. In general, the subjective opinions of the reporters on print and online pl atform occupied a similar proportion of the whole content. Although the way of presentation has been changed, it does not affect the degree of objectivity of journalists towards the news events. Third, introducing news article in video version does not change the extent of balance which originally exists in print newspaper.In case of producing animated news and print newspaper for Apple Daily, reporters were still incapable of balancing the opinions from two sides. How balance to the facts and audiences’ understanding can only be shown to some extent by including both sides of opinions towards the disputes equally in the news articles . For example, while reviewing the same news articles on print newspaper and online video of Apple Daily dated 22nd April 2011, nearly half of the articles were occupied by the negative opinions towards MTR from professionals.The print news articles mainly included the negative opinions from â€Å" †, supported by â€Å" † and seni or government official. For online video, there are negative opinions from professionals including â€Å" †, â€Å" † and â€Å" †. None of the opinion on both the print and online platform showed positive views towards this news issue. However, it is surprised to see that there was no criticism on the Hong Kong Government, who acts as the shareholder of MTR Company, in the animated news of Apple Daily.Yet, with the fact that video has limited time to include criticism towards the Hong Kong Government when comparing with the relatively unlimited space of a printed publication. 3. 2. 2 Differences on Journalists’ Professionalism after Introducing Online Platform As we have mentioned before, only the accuracy and the fairness in journalists’ professionalism offer changes after the presentation of news articles change from print to online . The accuracy of news article is greatly promoted to a higher level by the technologies. Frost considers accuracy as an important component of information-gathering.Readers expect that the information they are being fed is properly sourced. Therefore, the journalists must do all he can to minimize mistakes, distortions and untruthfulness . Increasing accuracy can be shown in the news video â€Å" †. All the opinions from the professionals are quoted with their names, titles and even photos. The opinions are recorded from the interviews and delivered in the online video as conversations. The possibility for making mistakes or misinterpreting their views can be lowered since information is directly uploaded or included in the news articles in video format.For print newspaper, when compared with online video of the same news article, it shows a lower level of accuracy. Just like the online video, the print news articles has included the names and titles of some professionals – â€Å" † and â€Å" †. However, photos are not provided. Opinions from interviewees are expre ssed in written words, which have been put to a process of translation by the reporters. It is difficult for the reader to verify the content of the opinions if they have not listened to the actual conversations.Although the readers have expected that the information is properly sourced and accurate, there is still higher possibility of selecting or omitting some of the content by the reporters in the print news article. Moreover, speech of an anonymous government official and the spokesperson of Hong Kong Government as shareholder of MTR are given in this print news article. The reporters have not included their names and titles when they are writing the news articles. Therefore, when comparing the overall performance of animated news and print newspaper on accuracy, the animated news has relatively done better than the print one.Besides, a sharp decrease in fairness is found in new media presentations. â€Å"Fairness is the idea that the journalist gives all sides of the argument a fair hearing† . That means the reporters for new media have not given chances to both parties of the conflicts to explain or defend themselves. A sense of fair play can be seen in the same print news article of Apple Daily dated 22nd April 2011. On one hand, the reporters have included the negative opinions against MTR Company and the Hong Kong Government as the shareholder of MTR.On the another hand, the print news articles also contained the declaration from MTR’s Public Relations Department, stating that their company does not aim to cancel all the advertisements booked in the publication after there are accidents concerning MTR and they always respect the freedom of press. Also, the reporters allowed the spokesperson of Hong Kong Government to defend themselves by saying that the letter has not be mentioned in the Board of Directors of MTR, even the senior government official – â€Å" † has not read it.The regular meeting for the Board of Directors of MTR is about the discussion of future planning but not daily operations of MTR. Lastly, the reporters have also called the editor of Ming Bao â€Å" † to explain more on the cause of this issue. On the contrary, the animated news only contains the criticisms against MTR Company. They do not give any opportunity for the accused party to defend and response to those negative judgments. It may be explained by the limited capacity available in the animated news. In this sense, additional information or counter-argument are omitted in order to save capacity for main content.However, this would lead to an unfair situation to one side of party. To sum up, the journalists’ professionalism generally remains more or less the same after new media presentation is introduced, such as online TV news and animated news. Although some of the components of professional standards do have variations with the new media presentation – increased accuracy and decreased fairness, the re is not much change in the overall performance of journalists when executing their professionalism in news production process. 4. Discussion and Suggestions 4. Pros and Cons of the emergence of the news media In the media corporations’ point of view under market-driven journalism, single-copy sale of newspaper only count for a small proportion of revenue, which mainly relies on advertising. Commercials are more willing to advertise on Internet nowadays . While advertisers assess the effect of various existing medium, print media becomes less competitive when comparing to online media. The emergence of online media could be an alternative way to attract more advertising revenue. In this contemporary era, society emphasizes â€Å"multimedia and digitalization†.The younger generations rely more on imageries than words, hence, has a higher acceptance in pictures. Inevitably, 3D animations that the new media introduced can help audiences in understanding the whole sequenc e of events, especially when it comes to sudden accidents or injuries. Animations can describe and visualize the whole process of incidents; let audiences become the witnesses. The news can be more clearly reported by reproducing the pictures which are impossible to be filmed . That's why modern audiences would also find animated news reporting more entertaining.The emergence of new news media is indivisible with the development of technology. Internet allows audiences to obtain the latest news instantly and ubiquitously. According to Jason Seiken, editor of washingtonpost. com at the time, â€Å"we put it up immediately. Any time there was any sort of update that went up immediately† . Reporters would update the latest news on web as soon as possible right after the incident happened. As well, as a characteristic of Internet, new news media has a high mobility that audiences can read the news anywhere and anytime, as long as they can access o Internet. Moreover, as suggested by Seikan , there is a capacity of online media for interactivity. Media corporations make use of the interactivity of Internet enabling a two-way communication. Audiences can express their own point of view about particular news on web. Apart from the news reporting context written by reporters, audiences can also read from other perspectives. News media becomes a sharing platform among audiences. Animated news media no wonder can attract more modern audiences, however, some may doubt the trustworthiness of the designed imageries .Animators produce realistic imagined videos merely based on a few descriptive sentences which they did not witness. First impression is the strongest. Some audiences may take those animations for granted which is unfair to the victims. This would severely violate journalistic professionalism and cause ethical issues. In this way, animated news has to deal with some obscene topics, for instance, violence and pornography. Since animated news includes image s and sounds, everyone, as well for teens and kids, can easily access to it on Internet; its influences should not be neglected.Besides, different reporters and animators may have different imaginations upon the same reporting. During the process of animation making, more or less would involve in subjective determinations and willingness. To make videos more entertaining, for example, animated news would sedulously sketch the faces of offenders more ugly and fierce. These kinds of manipulation would make the reporting imbalance and lack objectivity. Above and beyond, the emergence of visualization creates a high burden for journalists.Media corporations as to minimize costs, they require reporters to know various skills; therefore, reporters nowadays are â€Å"backpackers†. One has to record videos, take photos and jog notes at the same time. After that, he/she has to type the reporting and post it on web immediately. Reporters are no longer writers who use a pen to write, in stead, story tellers who also use audio and visual to express . 4. 2 The future development of news media Less than a decade ago, the rapid growth in technology has surpassed the earlier world in which information propagation was only limited to press newspaper, radio and television .Nowadays, diverse channels are used to publish news and information. Hence, traditional newspapers facing keen competition may be outbid by the emergence of new news platform. First and foremost, it is important to note that readers no longer want to stay passive in attaining information. As a matter of fact, printed news is a one way delivery; it is less likely for the readers to take part in the news production. However, taking the advantage of quick information transmission, online news stimulates the two-way communication.Readers can submit information or news stories to the press in assisting the news making. In this way, readers could actively participate in journalism by giving extensive feedback s to the media outlets . Secondly, animated news with innovative ideas may become the mainstream of the journalism. The emergence of Apple Action-news is a good proof. It has provoked a cut-throat competition in the press market and brought about considerable changes. Other newspaper corporations have attempted to increase their competitiveness by gradually extending their business online.For instance, Oriental Daily, the direct competitor of Apple Daily, has shortly developed on. cc to absorb the new generation customers as a way to compete with Apple Daily. The reality shows a continuous multimedia trend is existed in the journalism. In the future, because of successful of Apple Action-news or on. cc, numerous of printed newspaper’ companies may be tended to establish online news especially animated news to increase the number of readers. In addition, emphasis on fast pace delivery would the future trend . Even the news delivery now is quicker than past.But the journalism i s not halt in this moment. They will try to solve the technical problem of technology especially the diversity problem of news to accelerate the speed of publishing. This implies that more technology will be employed in news publication to lessen all sorts of locational constraints. To sum up, as the emergence of animated news has provoked a cut-throat competition in the press market and brought about considerable changes. Heavy reliance on technology seems to be a foreseeable trend in the near future. 5. ConclusionIn considering the impact of new technology on the journalistic industry, the news production process and journalistic professionalism would be the key aspects for our investigation. The introduction of new media has brought about changes in every stages of news production. Although animated news are still undergoing similar procedures, more gatekeepers such as animators, script writers and dubbing artists are involved in the new media presentation like video format. Gate keepers create a new Agenda-setting for the online news which targets the leisure-oriented readers.Entertainment news, instead of political one, is put at the top of the agenda for the sake of readership. With reference to the framing process in news writing stage, verbal words with stronger meanings are found in the online media text. Generally greater proportion of negative comments is shown in the animated news in relation to the interviewees’ identities and quotes. It may be explained by the limited time available for a comprehensive content. Moreover, the online media text expresses a stronger tone and emotions from the reporters with voice-over which may be seen as an attempt to invite more identification.Headline for online version are consistent with that in the printed news. Yet, both headlines have acted on a negative implication on the related party – MTRC. In the age of technology advancement, new limitations are imposed in the journalistic industry, which is the limited capacity of animated news. Content are packed within a very short period of time. Particular parts of the news event might be amplified to stress its importance while more perplexities are excluded. The new media affects the framing process to a certain extent, possibly leading to a higher level of subjectivity of reporters.The journalists may intentionally or unintentionally include more personal opinions or biases in the news articles and exert a greater effect on shaping one’s perception through framing with the new media presentation. This situation may become more difficult under the age of technological advancement. For news editing process, the new media has extended the flexibility of journalism to significant level. Click-through rate are used to help with the prediction of audiences’ favourite, giving a quicker response than ever before.Editors make use of different multimedia special effects to generate more interesting and attractive news. Ho wever, the risk of oversimplifying the news content by the new media remains in doubt. From the above, new media actually contribute to the remarkable change in the news production process. New media presentation has also drawn an impact onto the journalists’ ethical standard. Our research shows that some components of the journalists’ professionalism vary to a certain extent under the new media. The accuracy of the targeted media text is raised to a higher level by advanced technology.This is because interviews can be directly delivered in the animated news as conversation, avoiding the misinterpretation by the journalists. As for fairness, a sharp decrease is found in the new media presentation. Limited capacity available in the animated news is the main factor for it. Counter-argument are omitted in order to save capacity for the main content, however, resulting in being unfair to one side of the party. Under our examination, the truthfulness of animated news remain s the same as the printed one since both online and printed versions are relying on the same source of information.Also, we note that the degree of objectivity and balance in new media is kept at a similar level as that of the printed newspaper with respect to the proportion occupied by the opinions of either side of the parties. Basically, the journalists are able to keep their overall performance of professional standard to a similar level with new media presentation. The advantages and disadvantages of new media in regard to the journalism is also a hot topic in discussion. The emergence of online media could be an alternative way to attract more advertising revenue.Also, animation of online news can help audiences in understanding the whole sequence of events by reproducing the pictures which are impossible to be filmed. High mobility of new news media enables the audiences to read the news anywhere and anytime, as long as they can access to Internet. More importantly, interacti vity is embodied in the online platform so that sharing is possible among audiences. On one hand, new media offers us a lot of convenience. On the other hand, the trustworthiness of the designed imageries is still in doubt.The journalists are questioned for not witnessing the reality for their video making. It may result in the severely violation of journalistic professionalism and causing ethical issues. Easy access to the obscene topics like violence and pornography and loose regulation on internet are also a main concern for journalistic ethic. Furthermore, video making is all about subjective determinations and willingness. Exaggerating sketches in animated news would make the reporting imbalance and lack objectivity. Lastly, the emergence of visualization creates a high burden for journalists.Despite the worries, a continuous multimedia trend is anticipated in the journalistic industry. Readers no longer want to stay passive in attaining information. The two-way communication v ia internet will enable the readers to actively participate in journalism by leaving feedbacks to the media outlets. Also, animated news with innovative ideas may become the mainstream of the journalism. Increasing attempt in expanding the business of corporations online will be seen in the near future. Besides, more emphasis will be put on the fast pace delivery by then.The technician for the journalistic industry will eliminate the technical problem of technology, especially the diversity problem of news, with their best abilities. Thus, more technology will be employed in news publication to lessen all sorts of locational constraints and to accelerate the speed of publishing. 6. Works Cited Allan, Stuart. â€Å"The Emerging Forms and Practices of Online Journalism† Journalism: Critical Issues. Maidenhead: Open UP, 2005. Print. Bardoel, Jo and Deuze, Mark. â€Å"Network Journalism: Converging Competences of Media Professionals and Professionalism† Australian Journali sm Review. 3. 2 (2001): n. p. Amsterdam School of Communications Research. Web. 31 March 2011. Bruns, Axel. â€Å"Gatekeeping. † Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production. New York: Lang, 2009. Print. Cheng, Ka-wai â€Å"A Comparative Study of News Media in Hong Kong and Taiwan. † Journal of Communication 2004. Cooke, Lynne. â€Å"A visual convergence of print, television, and the internet: charting 40 years of design change in news presentation. † New Media & Society 7. 1 2005. Domingo, David, Quandt, Thorsten, Heinonen, Ari, Paulueesn, Steve, Singer, Jane B. and Vujnovin Marinc.Journalism Practice: Participatory Journalism Practices in the Media and Beyond. British: Routledge, 2008. . Filloux, Frederic. â€Å"The Publisher’s Dilemma. † Monday Note. 27 Feb. 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Frost, Chris. â€Å"Media Morality. † Media Ethics and Self-regulation. Great Britain: Pearson, 2000. Print. Gbandia, Silas. â€Å"New Media and its Effects on Journalism and Media Development-citizen Journalism. † Journal of Communication 2003. Gibb, Cheryl K. and Warhover, Tom. Getting the Whole Story: Reporting and Writing the News. New York: Guilford Press, 2002. Print. Hall, J.Online Journalism–a Critical Primer. London: Pluto Press, 2001. Koch, Tom. Journalism for the 21st Century: Online Information, Electronic Databases and the News. New York: Praeger, 1991. Kovack, Bill, and Rom Rosenstiel. â€Å"Truth: The First and Most Confusing Principle. † The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect. New York: Three Rivers, 2007. Print. McCombs, M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972). â€Å"The agenda-setting function of mass media†. In Boyd-Barrett, O. & Newbold, C. (eds). Approaches to Media: A Reader. Arnold. Shoemaker, P. Gatekeeping.Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 1991. â€Å"The Numbers of Distribution Apple Daily between 2006 to 2008† 20 Jan. 2010. Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd. 14 April 2011 . Rudin, Richard, and Trevor Ibbotson. â€Å"History and Development† An Introduction to Journalism: Essential Techniques and Background Knowledge. Oxford: Focal, 2002. Print. Westley, Bruce H. News Editing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1972. Print. , + , ,2009? 1? 4 , , ,2005? 5 ; http://www. rthk. org. hk/mediadigest/200502. html; , - , ,2010? 4

Case Analysis Of The Health care Systems

The health care systems that have been established in Australia have exerted pressure of the highest degree on the growing population of the country. It must be noted here that Australia has a mixed system of public and private health care provisions that have been regulated at different levels of governmental proceedings. Furthermore, the understanding of the function and structure of the health care system along with the factors that result in the elevation of the related costs is the primary requirement for the establishment of a proper financial management structure (Kaur 2015). The issue that has been presented in this question is that a case study where a nurse manager has been appointed for the purpose of managing a 32 bed general surgical ward that is placed in a metropolitan hospital in a major city. The particular issue in regards to the restructuring of the hospital networks in the local Area Health Service is that the general surgical ward has been asked to be combined with the 12 bed surgical ward that has been specially constructed for the purpose of short stay. The steps that are required for the development of a nursing business service plan can be described in a detailed method. The initial stage involves planning of the business case for the employment of the organizational fund. Here, it can be understood that the establishment of the 12 bed short stay surgical ward will require sufficient funds. Moreover, the planning should be carried out in such a way that the general surgical ward is placed adjacent to the short stay ward without hampering the functioning of both the wards are not hampered by each other (Song, Qiu and Liu 2016). The aims and objectives of the expansion should also be clarified in order to determine the particular service that is being offered to the patients (Song, Qiu and Liu 2016). The required support from the employees and other stakeholders of business should also be derived for the implementation of the expansion of the health care facilities (Dafny, Ho and Lee 2017). Next, the cost that is required for the setting up of the expanded part of the business should be properly calculated and figured (Dafny, Ho and Lee 2017). Lastly, enough initiative should be taken in order to facilitate the successful establishment of the short stay ward along with the general surgical ward (Singh caes et al., 2015). The staff who will be required for attending the patients in the short stay ward have to be trained accordingly (Singh caes et al., 2015). Moreover, the sections in regards to the general surgical ward and the short stay ward should be clearly segregated and the purpose should be explained of the expanded facility should be explained to the nurses and other staff of the hospital (Singh caes et al., 2015) It must be noted here that in case of a health care facility, the data does not flow into the entity in a standardized way. A great deal of challenge has to be faced by the health care systems in terms of collection of data from patients, enrollees and other members. The health care systems deal in a diverse range of documents like the data collection systems, medical records, billing records, health plans and other related documents. The data that is essentially required to develop a service profile are the data in regards to the race and ethnicity of the patients, individual persona health records and electronic data health records and other systems of data. It must be noted here that the till that point is reached when the collected data has been better integrated by the entities, there will be a certain degree of redundancy that will be in the collection of data in regards to the race, ethnicity and other related patient information. Moreover, the methods that would be adopted for the collection of information should be integrated into the data flows that are operating in the current times. The issue in regards to the efficiency and privacy of the patients should also be considered (Parikh 2017). Therefore, the documents that should are needed to be collected for the purpose of analyzing and developing a service profile are the supply market sources document. This document will help in identifying the suggested external sources that will essentially reflect the supply market data that will result in the further development of the effective business strategies. A developing strategic commissioning plans document is also required. Therefore, the documents that will be required are Guidance on Developing Strategic Commissioning Plans, Options Appraisal, External Data Sources Template, Registers, Medication journals, Clinic guidelines, Documents for recording the details of the diseased. The service demand for the new service level would be that the patients who would need treatment for a day or two, could be accommodated in the short stay ward and treated accordingly. However, it must be noted here that the ward has the capacity to accommodate 12 individuals at once. Therefore, the facilities should be arranged in that particular way. The work methodology that should be utilized for the determination of the supply of nurses required to staff the new service level are that the nurses already attending the general surgical ward should be properly trained in order to carry out the attending of the individuals who will be admitted to the short stay ward. It can be easily deduced from the names that the patients who will be attending the general surgical ward would be accommodating those patients that need intense care, as they will be undergoing general and complex surgeries. On the other hand, the short stay surgical ward will be accommodating those patients who can be cured in a lesser degree of time and do not hold such complexities in terms of injuries or other diseases. This means that the nurses who are attending the general surgical ward patients will be readily able to treat the patients of the short surgical ward. The only providence that should be available is a proper training and guideline framework for th e purpose of distinctly making the process clear to the nurses and other staff of the hospital in regards to the nature patients in both the surgical wards and the level of service they need. There is no certain concern in regards to the skill-mix or staff education issues for the purpose of attending to the patients of the short stay surgical ward. This is because the patients of the general surgical ward need due care and attention as they are suffering from injuries or other disease that are complex in nature and need surgery. Therefore, the degree of skill that is needed to attend to the patients of this particular ward will be apparently higher than the skill that is required to attend the patients of the short stay surgical ward. Thus, it can be deduced that the nurses and other staff will not be facing any kind of issues in regards to the staff education. However, it must be noted here that the particular behavior will be different in case of the patients that are for general and complex surgeries and the patients who are to get well soon in a shorter period of time. It is the primary duty of the nurse manager to make this clear among the nurses and other staff so that they can understand the degree of difference in behavior and service between the patients of the general surgical ward and the short stay surgical ward (Parikh 2017). A cost centre budget might be beneficial for the nurse manger to control the expenditures of the wards (Dafny, Ho and Lee 2017). The advantages of the cost centre budget are that the implementation of a cost centre budget will help in the comparison of the performance of the service unit in terms of the short stay surgical ward and the general surgical ward. A cost centre budget will help the nurse manager in identifying the underperforming parts of the hospital or the parts that require excessive un-estimated costs. A cost centre budget will help in the identification of the centers that generate the largest amount of expenditure. The identification of the cost centers will also facilitate the fact that the management of the hospital will be able to target these centers as the primary areas where the cost management strategies could be applied. A cost center budget also helps in improving the reaction speed. This is because the cost center budget will help in the allocation of the m ost skilled and responsible staff that will try to reduce the cost in facilitating such a center, which will in turn improve the reaction, speed. A cost center budget will also enable the staff and the nurses to make decisions on their part, which will increase the degree of motivation and thus enhance productivity. A flexible budget refers to the particular budget that includes the calculation of the different levels of expenditure in regards to the variable costs that depends on the changes in the actual amount of revenue that is incurred. A flexible budget is prepared at the end of each accounting period and this particular budget involves preparation in accordance to the inputs. The flexible budget is next compared to the actual revenue incurred for the purpose of controlling the expenditures. Some of the benefits of the flexible budgets are that a flexible budget is useful for those businesses whose costs are closely related to the level of business activity. This particular method of budgeting also is useful in measuring the effectiveness of the services provided by the employees or the staff. Moreover, a flexible budget can be very easily updated (Barr and McClellan 2018). A particular disadvantage of the flexible budget is that the implementation of such a budget is difficult to administer and formulate. A flexible budget cannot be aligned with any kind of accounting software making the comparison of the financial statements with the budgeted statements impossible. Moreover, a flexible budget cannot facilitate the comparison between the actual revenue and the budgeted revenue due to the fact that the both the numbers are similar (Barr and McClellan 2018). Zero based budgeting refers to the particular method of budgeting in which the expenses that are estimated to be incurred by a particular business entity for a new accounting period is assumed to be zero. This means that the expenses for the new accounting period are calculated on the basis of the actual expenses that are incurred rather than on incremental basis. The advantages of zero based budgeting are that this particular method of budgeting will result in focused operations, lower degree of costs, a controlled and disciplined execution of the business strategies in regards to effective cost management. The disadvantages of zero based budgeting can be listed down to the fact that this particular method of budgeting is resource intensive in nature. Moreover, a zero based budget is exposed to a high degree of manipulation by the managers of the organizations as it involves short term planning(Barr and McClellan 2018). An output based budgeting refers to the particular method of budgeting that is dependent on the performance by the employees or the staff of the organization. It is that method of budgeting that ties the measurement of the individual or the departmental performance with the particular process of budgeting. The advantage of output based budgeting is that the amount that is allocated to a particular department has a direct link with the departmental performance. This inspires the department personnel to increase their all round productivity in order to obtain more monetary benefits that may be allocated via the output based budgeting method. A disadvantage of the output based budgeting is that this particular kind of budget is prepared from the baseline of the organization and construct a request for the budget from each department. However, the ultimate grant of the budgeted amount depends on the high-ranking officials of the management who may manipulate the figures or take decisions that are exposed to political influences (Miller 2018). Among the above mentioned three methods of budgeting, the particular method that would be most suitable for the nurse manager to implement in the hospital is the flexible budget. This is because the flexible budget essentially involves the preparation of the budget on the basis of the level of activities that are performed in the field of work. Therefore, this is the suitable method of budgeting. The three main areas of expenditure that may be considered while developing a cost centre budget are the expenditure related to the different surgeries that might have to be conducted for the patients in the general surgical ward; the expenditures related to the general pharmacy that will be installed within the hospital for the welfare of the patients. Moreover, the third major area that should be considered is that the expenditure in relation to the emergency ward should also be considered as the most critical medical cases are conducted here. Moreover, this is the ward where the most valuable medical equipments and applications are placed, the maintenance of which requires sufficient cost. An example of the cost center budget has been shown below that may be applied in case of the private hospital. The salaries and wage budget that has been prepared above consist of the mandatory remuneration components that should be received by a personnel in the health care sector. The assumptions have been made on the basis of the different salary components that are given by reputed health care institutions in Australia. Moreover, the overtime allowance that has been included in this particular table indicates the extra monetary benefit that will be received by the staff. This is on account of the fact that the nurses might have to do overtime duty on the account of the fact that the work space now has been expanded into an additional unit of short stay surgical ward (Dafny, Ho and Lee 2017). The conclusion that can be arrived at from the discussions in the preceding paragraphs is that setting up or expanding a health care facility in Australia is a rigorous process. Beginning from planning the facility to the preparation of the salaries and wage budget requires skilled analysis and evaluation. However, the service provided by these health care facilities and the hospitals is commendable and should be praised for the welfare carried out by these entities. Barr, M.J. and McClellan, G.S., 2018. Budgets and financial management in higher education. John Wiley & Sons. Dafny, L., Ho, K. and Lee, R.S., 2017. The price effects of cross-market mergers: Theory and evidence from the hospital industry. Kalyani, P., 2015. A study on implementation of community health insurance scheme in the cardiology department of a tertiary care government hospital. Journal Of Evolution Of Medical And Dental Sciences-Jemds, 4(18), pp.3124-3133. Kaur, A., 2015. Computerized Hospital Management Information System-Public And Private Sector. Global Journal of Computer Science Research & Technology, pp.1123-1134. Kumar, V., Patil, R., Patil, M., Mudbi, S., Kaveri, C. and Patil, S., 2014. Pattern of antibiotics usage in bidar institute of medical sciences,(BRIMS) teaching hospital, Bidar. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 3(29), pp.8122-8126. Miller, G., 2018. Performance based budgeting. Routledge. Ó hAlmhain, O., 2015. Medication safety officer in an Irish hospital: a financial cost-benefit appraisal (Doctoral dissertation, The Institute of Public Administration). Poola, D., Garg, S.K., Buyya, R., Yang, Y. and Ramamohanarao, K., 2014, May. Robust scheduling of scientific workflows with deadline and budget constraints in clouds. In Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), 2014 IEEE 28th International Conference on (pp. 858-865). IEEE. Shah, J.N., 2017. Taking Specialist Surgical Services to the Rural District Hospitals at One Forth Cost: A Sustainable ‘Return on Investment’Public Health Initiative of Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 13(2), pp.186-192. Singh, S., Ahalawat, I., Singh, B., Singh, S. and Chauhan, A., 2015. Study of Cost Analysis of in House Dieteary Services in a Tertiary Care Academic Hospital. Song, J., Qiu, Y. and Liu, Z., 2016. Integrating optimal simulation budget allocation and genetic algorithm to find the approximate Pareto patient flow distribution. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 13(1), pp.149-159. Sudheer, G., Prabhu, G.R. and Sridhar, M.S., 2015. A study of prescription writing practices of doctors in geriatric age group patients in a teaching hospital. Jour of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 4(3), pp.322-8.

Impact of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Impact of Globalization - Essay Example Also, because of globalization, most firms were able to launch their products worldwide in a bid to make huge profits. Toyota, for instance, is a motor vehicle manufacturer founded in Japan but in an attempt to increase its revenue it had to spread to countries like the United States and other continents. The same goes for Ford Motor Company that started as an â€Å"International New Venture†. In addition to this, globalization made it possible for some countries to get what they could not produce cheaply as the cost of producing the same could have been higher than buying from international corporations. In spite of the possible advantages of going global, it is argued that this idea has a dividing factor between countries. The fact that governments are put in a situation whereby they must choose between a number of different companies from different countries is seen to be insinuating that there would be bad relations with corporations that are not chosen. Furthermore, the r ole of the government has been changed. The state ought to protect its interests by virtue of its sovereignty, but globalization forces state to privatize their agencies so as to benefit from the advantages that come with privatization. Turning to privatization in a bid to do business affects the government’s role in deciding how to run its agencies and this greatly dictates who may be sponsored to ascend to political power so that they may be easily influenced to sing to the tunes of these international corporations.

Figuring it out Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Figuring it out - Essay Example The opportunity and availability of respected earning ways; can only minimize the problem to some extent. Social and racial biases have to be kept aside to recruit the people and provide them with an alternate way to earn otherwise poverty will lead to more abuse and destruction of humankind.† Low income Americans name drug abuse as no.1 cause of poverty for them† ( npr, poverty in America, 2001). Ethnography is a qualitative study, through which various cultural phenomena can be understood regarding lives of people of any specific cultural group. It also tells the social welfare qualities, ethnicity and composition of a community. This method is required while collecting empirical data on specific societies and groups. Participants in particular society play vital role in this method, as data is collected through personal experiences and observation of these participants through interviews and questioners. Dr. Lee D. Hoffer in his book, Junkie Business: the evolution and operation of drug dealing network; described the process of development and working of an illegal drug dealing business. It sheds light on how a street based partnership became a running organized business with clear and planned division of labor. The change in dealer’s life is also evident throughout ( Hoffer,2006). According to Micheal Agar, the collection of data directly extracted from the people of specific culture and through direct involvement, can only enable one to understand better the coherent system. Anthropologist research is always based upon two major strategies to collect the research data accurately, the way to interview the participants and to extract participant’s observation. They both go hand in hand as one cannot be considered accurate without the other.(Hoffer, 2006) During the late ninetieth century, anthropologist only relied upon interviews to gather cultural data. This procedure was suitable for them as the change in cultural norms and custo ms; only began at that time. But to understand it better; they needed an inside vision of it. They lived with the participants to observe and understand the various distinctions. They realized soon people often misinterpreted and provided the information by predicting the expectations of the interviewer. This was a psychological factor, where at times they wanted to please the interviewer for material gains and sometimes to hide the truth ( Bailey, People, p.99). Drug business in various parts of America verifies the acceptance of illicit usage of drugs commonly and it also describes the vast expansion of network; with its organizational skills. The people hired for the sole purpose of drug selling; don’t come into it by choice but they are left with no option to earn from other means. The poverty and disappointment from unemployment leads them to drug selling and risking their lives with it. Sometimes they are unable to explain to their prospective employers the reason of un employment period as they became what economist call â€Å"discouraged workers†. (Robbins.p.174). Hence they come into contact with drug dealing to support and pay for their addictions. Therefore they become more actively involved in the business due to their need of the drug. However, the financer or investor does not seem to be bounded in such obligations. It’s merely a way to earn more than normal. Though risk of life is also involved

Finance- Israel Stock Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance- Israel Stock Exchange - Essay Example Globes, Israel Business Arena is one of the leading business publications in Israel. This article reports on a the Deloitte 2010 Global Venture Capital Survey, carried out in conjunction with venture capital associations around the world. The headline captures the negative results of the survey and the bad news for the Israeli stock market. The survey found that the majority of venture capital firms were looking first and foremost to increase their foreign investment in China (27%) and then India (14%). The article does not contain the precise numbers for Israel but notes that interest has fallen since 2009. Commenting on the results, Igal Brightman CPA, chairman and CEO of Deloitte Brightman Almagor Zohar & Co.and managing partner of the TMT group in Deloitte, said, "The migration of venture capital eastward indicates that the global high-tech industry is seeking new growth opportunities. The main indicators in the Israeli economy, among them accession to the OECD, the fall in the shekel-dollar exchange rate and the rise in salary levels, make Israel less attractive in comparison with the alternatives." This is very bad news for the Israeli economy as foreign venture capital investment, particularly in the hi-tech sector has been a key engine of growth in the Israeli economy and stock market in the past. Daniel, Robert, (November 8, 2010) â€Å"Market Watch: Israel stocks fall; gas firms hit by tax reports†. The Wall Street Journal Digital Network. Web. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/israel-stocks-fall-tax-reports-hit-gas-firms-2010-11-08. This article reports on a slight decline in the Israeli stock market on Monday, November 8, 2010. However, more substantively it identifies factors underlying the drop in, and poor prospects for the future in the natural gas sector and the telecom sector. The article reports that the Israeli government is considering a new financial arrangements with natural gas producers. â€Å"A government committee is planning to

Watch a relational development film and write about it Assignment

Watch a relational development film and write about it - Assignment Example p between the two provides a study piece for the Mark Knapp’s relational development model that bases on a number of perspectives reliant on a ten-step process that is majorly consisting two phases. The details of the study below explain the relationships in the film based on the Mark Knapp’s model. For the effective development of communication, all the steps involved in the theory need doing. The steps will have each done at a time to provide for a strong and effective relationship. Despite the nature of the relationship, Mark Knapp believes that at one time it dissolves as detailed in the last phase that deals with coming apart. The film provides a true picture of these as will be reveled further in the essay. The first phase of the model is the coming together part that details the five major steps that involve the initiation, the experimentation, intensifying aspects, integration and bonding of the people. The initiation stage provides for the first impression made that involves meeting for the first time and creating an impression on each other. In the film, Jack first sights Rose from a distant and the friends discourage him considering the social class differences between the two. Despite these, an opportune time presents itself as Rose attempts to jump off the ship from which Jack pulls her over making the first impression on each other. The stage of their first meeting details initiation stage as per Mark Knapp. This stage forms the basis of every relationship. The second stage provides for experimentation through which the two parties start learning each other and get more comfortable. This stage leads to the third stage on intensifying in which experimentation continues. The stage provides for the clarity of any mutual coordination in the development of the relationship and will have a consideration of an emotional affection developing with attachment between the parties. The mutual connection between Rose and Jack works to provide for their

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Technology in Healthcare - Essay Example As the paper highlights obtaining images of X-ray from Radiology Information System (RIS) a component of eHealth requires access to the site. An x-ray taken today can be shared and deliberated as soon as it is available electronically.  From this research it is clear that  to obtain x-ray image from PACS, a client of physician should have correct credentials for the search. Firstly, the client establishes network connection with PACS server. Second step involves preparing C-MOVE or C-GET request message through filling C-MOVE requisition, which should be matched with those in the server. The request is sent and a feedback is given in a list of DICOM attributes. From the feedback, the client extract images. Often takes approximately less than 10 minutes depending on the network strengths. The major errors encountered when getting images from EHR includes patient identification errors. These errors occur as a result of incorrect information is used to link an individual to an actio n. It causes a mismatch between patient and the care plan. Another error occurs during patient journey, and as a result repetition of images may occur. Lastly, the flow of patient identification mismatch occurs at the initial stage of data entry. When using PACs, the common errors is the hanging protocol display, which causes retrieving of images to take unnecessarily longer. Since the images are not organized by default, identification and processing of images may result in misalignment, which is a potential error.  

The Worldwide Influence of Electronic Commerce Essay

The Worldwide Influence of Electronic Commerce - Essay Example Electronic commerce, EC, e-commerce or e-commerce consists primarily of the distributing, buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The information technology industry might see it as an electronic business application aimed at commercial transactions. It can involve electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, e-marketing, online marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), automated inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. It typically uses electronic communications technology such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, e-books, databases, and mobile phones. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce) Today, it has been proved that opening a website or getting a large number of hits on them is not enough to get the real business - for example, costs and revenues are also countable and not just website hits. An E-commerce business requires special consideration. On the other hand, it is essential to remember that all the business practices that apply in general business are not normally applicable to electronic commence. E-commerce can apply to purchases made through the Web or to business-to-business activities such as inventory transfers. A customer can order items from a vendor's Web site, paying with a credit card (the customer enters account information via the computer) or with a previously established "cybercash" account. The transaction information is transmitted (usually by modem) to a financial institution for payment clearance and to the vendor for order fulfillment. Personal and account information is kept confidential through the use of "secured transactions" that use encryption technology.

Data Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data - Assignment Example Other career specialties the school is developing include environmental education, disciplinary literacy, fine arts, and personal financial literacy education. The School Progress Index (SPI) is developed to evaluate the school’s achievements, growth, and gap reduction between elementary and middle schools as well as determine the college and career readiness for high school. The index (SPI) for the grades 3 – 12 is 0.9772 in 2012. The school improvement is measured using the accountability system whereby the school’s compliance to the set goals and objectives are continuously monitored over time. In order to ensure improvements, the school encourages teamwork, sets, clear and measurable goals, and regularly collects and analyzes the performance data in order to monitor progress over time. Annual measurable objectives are those objectives that can be quantified over time. They include objectives set to improve examinations results, school entry, and the number of students excelling from the school annually (Chin, 2007). There are disparities in the performance between subgroups as noted in the analysis with the FARMS indicating advanced performance, the Hispanics/ Latinos showing proficient performance and the rest falling under the basic performance category. According to the observations, the school should focus much on the groups that perform below the proficient level. I would, however, spend my money on the groups that performed below the proficiency level in order to alleviate their performance. This will be in demand to improve the performance of the entire school without living the majority behind. In conclusion, Maryland High School has established a firm and focused strategies to be used in monitoring and improving the performance of her students. A great variety of students has been motivated and harnessed to develop career opportunities in the

Feminist Criticism of Triffles Essay Example for Free

Feminist Criticism of Triffles Essay The bone of contention for feminist theory is centered at the treatment of women living in a patriarchal society. Feminists raised questions about why women were being forced into a position of subordination and their affairs looked at with marginal importance. Susan Glaspell’s story â€Å"Trifles† depicts the plight of women and their subordination while subversively commenting on the negative effects this had on the female psyche. â€Å"Triflesâ€Å" begins with an investigation into the murder of John Wright, which takes place at his farm house. His wife, Mrs. Wright, is found at the crime scene and put in jail. She asks three of her friends, who are wives of the detectives investigating, to collect her apron and shawl. While the men scamper about trying to solve the crime of who did it, the women rifle through Mrs. Wrights belonging in search of her request. Noticing simple things out of place in the home or the trifles (as the men call it), they inadvertently find clues that reveal Mrs. Wright to be the murderer. It is said, the devils in the details which proves to be accurate in this situation. Glaspell’s story is a commentary on the societal values of women at the time and their roles in the home. By using theorists such as Gilbert and Gubar, Fetterly, and Irigaray, one can see how Glaspell uses a feminist critique to call to question the inequalities of women and highlighting the detriment this subordination has on females. â€Å"Trifles† embodies the problems of alienation women faced in the hands of a patriarchal society. Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan say â€Å"the subject of feminism was women‘s experience under patriarchy, the long tradition of male rule in society which silenced women‘s voices, distorted their lives, and treated their concerns as peripheralâ€Å" (527). We see this in the beginning of â€Å"Trifles†, â€Å"Mrs. Peters: Oh, her fruit; it did freeze. She worried about that when it turned so cold. She said the fire’d go out and her jars would break. Hale: Well, women are used to worrying over trifles† (Glaspell, 1043). The women’s voice is silenced by the man’s failure to recognize her concerns as legitimate. When presented with a concern from a woman, instead of paying attention, the men dismiss the women and their observations and silence them from speaking further. This alienates the women, placing them in a lower status. Of this Luce Irigaray say, â€Å" A direct feminine challenge to this condition means demanding to speak as a (masculine) â€Å"subject†, that is, it means to postulate a relation to the intelligible that would maintain sexual difference† (570). By Glaspell participating in the canon of literature and bringing attention to the female issue of subordination, she is challenging and demanding to speak in â€Å"masculine† terms, as literature was dominated by males. According to Judith Fetterley â€Å" American Literature is male. Our literature neither leaves women alone nor allows them to participate† (561). Glaspell shatters this. She is participating in a genre of art that was viewed as predominantly male. Also, she not only gave her female characters a participatory role, they had the most important role, while the men were secondary and almost needless. Speaking to the â€Å"silencing of voices† Glaspell writes, â€Å"Mrs. Peters: [looking in cupboard] Why, here’s a bird cage. [Holds it up] Did she have a bird, Mrs. Hale? Mrs. Hale: Why I don’t know whether she did or not-I’ve not been here for so long†¦ She used to sing real pretty herself† (1047). It goes on to read about Mr. Wright, â€Å" Mrs. Hale: But he was a hard man, Mrs. Peters. Just to pass the time of day with him-[Shivers. ] Like a raw wind that gets to the bone. [Pauses, her eye falling on the cage. ] I should think she would ‘a wanted a bird. But what do you suppose went with it? † (1048). As Rivkin and Ryan state, as mentioned above, the man silences the woman. Mr. Wright silenced Mrs. Wright, not allowing her to sing, â€Å"distorting† her life. Judith Fetterley believes that there is a certain amount of â€Å"power that marriage puts in the hands of men†(563) and â€Å"ownership of women is invoked as the index of power†(564). Because Mrs. Wright was so changed by her husband, â€Å"Mrs. Hale: She-come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself-real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and-fluttery. How-she-did-change† (1048), she was not only isolated in her home with her husband but her life was de valued, therefore she changed. Mr. Wright wanted her to be silent which is reminiscent of what Gilbert and Gubar say that a woman should be waiting â€Å"silently, without calling attention to her exertions† as it would detract from her focus on others (601). â€Å"Trifles† also reads, â€Å"Mrs. Hale: I might have known she needed help! I know how things can be -for women. I tell you it’s queer, Mrs. Peters. We live close together and we live far apart. We all go through the same things-it’s all just a different kind of the same thing. † (Glaspell, 1049). Here Susan Glaspell is pointing out the alienation that is a prevalent feeling amongst women. This feeling is induced by the patriarchal society that does not allow them to have a life of their own. Glaspell’s character Mrs. Wright sacrifices everything because that’s what her husband demanded, which was the status quo. Gilbert and Gubar also state â€Å"For to be selfless is not only to be noble, it is to be dead. A life that has no story†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (602). Mrs. Wright is the embodiment of these ideas. She is isolated, alienated, and quiet; she’s expected to be angel-like. The angel/devil binary is discussed by Gilbert and Gubar. The idea is that women have two sides to them. One side that is silent, submissive, obedient, and the other that is a monster, conniving, and deceitful (605). Though Mrs. Wright could be critically looked at as being a product of this angel/devil binary, more importantly Glaspell is challenging the male’s role in this binary. Essentially she is pointing out that by men placing women in a submissive role they are contributing to this angel/devil behavior they are critical of. The fact that the angel woman manipulates her domestic/mystical sphere in order to ensure the well-being of those entrusted to her care reveals that she can manipulate; she can scheme; she can plot- stories as well as strategies† (602). The woman can do no right. Fetterley points out â€Å"the sacrificial scapegoat is the woman/wife and the cleansed survivor is the husband/male. In such fictions the female reader is co-opted into participation in an experience from which she is explicitly excluded; she is asked to identify with a selfhood that defines itself in opposition to her; she is required to identify against herself† (562). Typically this is true because the male perception of women is that they should be angels, self sacrificing, subordinate but criticize this because they also believe the binary opposition to women is the devil. They are eliminating an identifiable character for the female reader, alienating them. Glaspell however, allows the female reader to identify with her female characters. In â€Å"Trifles† the women are doing â€Å"female things† looking about the kitchen, paying attention to the sewing, noticing the rotten fruit. Essentially everything that has to do with house hold matters. The men are utside looking for clues in the barn, completely unaware or unaltered by the fact that a woman could possibly have committed such an atrocious crime. After all, action is male and silence is female. Gilbert and Gubar quote from Eichner, â€Å"the ideal of significant action is masculine† and â€Å" women are defined as wholly passive, completely void of generative power†(599). Because women are viewed as having no power the men over look the evidence in the house; The house is for the women and their trifles. At the end of â€Å"Trifles† the women find Mrs. Wrights dead bird, with a broken neck. Coincidentally the same way her husband was murdered. The bird is wrapped up in her quilt, when it is found the story reads, â€Å"Mrs. Hale: [Jumping up] But, Mrs. Peters- look at it! It’s [sic] neck! Look at its neck! It’s all-other side to. Mrs. Peters: Somebody-wrung-its-neck† (Glaspell 1048). It is at this moment the women realize that Mrs. Wright has killed her husband. The attorney walks in and says â€Å" [As one turning from serious things to little pleasantries] Well, ladies, have you decided whether she was going to quilt it or knot it† (Glaspell 1048). By asking about quilting or knotting he is referring to the stitching on Mrs. Wrights quilt. The quilt is one of the â€Å"trifles† indicating Mrs. Wright as the murderer. Once again, Glaspell is drilling it into the readers head that the men think women’s concerns are unimportant. As the story goes on, the women allude to the fact that Mr. Wright could have played a hand in the death of the bird Mrs. Wright loved so. Glaspell continuously points out the domination and control of the men (Mr. Wright in this case) and the psychological effects it has on the women. Mrs. Peters: [ In a whisper. ] When I was a girl- my kitten- there was a boy took a hatchet, and before my eyes-and before I could get there-[Covers her face an instant. ] If they hadn’t held me back I would have- hurt him†(Glaspell, 1049). Not only are grown men oppressive of women, it appears that Glaspell is also commenting on the societal values of child rearing, pertaining to sex. The little b oy is allowed to act violently (action is masculine) but the little girl has to be held back, and allow whatever grief she feels to over come her with not outlet. This speaks to Rivkin and Ryan’s idea of a constructionist or essentialist child rearing. In other words, are children taught their roles of femininity and masculinity or are they innate? By the child scenario given in â€Å"Trifles† Glaspell notes that the different genders abide by different ideals. The little boy (fulfilling essentialism) is allowed to be â€Å"active† fulfilling his innate desire to take a hatchet to the cat. The little girl is fulfilling the constructionist role. Her gender is being created when she is being told how to act, being held back and constrained, none of these being her first choice. As children, it would appear, little boys are able to act on their natural desires, while little girls have to grin and bear it. Of these two ideals Gilbert and Gubar say, â€Å"two perspectives began to form, one â€Å"constructionist† or accepting of the idea that gender is made by culture in history, the other â€Å"essentialist,† more inclined to the idea that gender reflects a natural difference between men and women that is as much psychological, even linguistic, as it is biological† (529). These roles the children learn, carry with them into their adult lives where women are oppressed and men are free. This is another example of women being isolated from a young age. The last scene of â€Å"Trifles† is Mrs. Hale putting the dead bird in her pocket, keeping Mrs. Wrights secret. â€Å" County Attorney: No, Peters it’s all perfectly clear except a reason for doing it. But you know juries when it comes to women. If there was some definite thing. Something to show-something to make a story about- a thing that would connect up with this strange way of doing it-† ( Glaspell, 1050). The men in their ignorance don’t see what’s in front of them. The evidence was there, they just let their social conventions detract from the situation at hand. In a way, Glaspell is making the male gender look foolish. By placing the evidence in conspicuous places, their inability to find clues is commenting on the narrow scope of males. â€Å"County Attorney:: Oh, I guess they’re not very dangerous things the ladies have picked out. [Moves a few things about, disturbing the quilt pieces which cover the box. Steps back. ] No, Mrs. Peters doesn’t need supervising. For that matter, a sheriff’s wife is married to the law. † (1050). As everyone leaves the scene they police suggest checking what Mrs. Peters is removing from the house. The attorney is almost amused at what he finds to be trifles that she is collecting ( the apron, shawl, quilt) when she is in fact removing the evidence he was searching for. The women in this story feel bad for Mrs. Wright. They are not â€Å"married to the law† but dedicated to the common bond of the alienated woman. The law that the attorney says Mrs. Peters is married to, is a patriarchal law that oppresses women and makes them subjects of the system. These women’s devotion truly lies with each other and their struggle to survive an oppressive society. If in marriage a woman is isolated and dominated, her only sense of self lies within the common struggle. Because she identifies with the sadness of Mrs. Wright she with holds evidence. Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"Trifles† provides a solution to many of the inherent problems the feminist scholars bring to light. She writes about the alienation of women and how a patriarchal society is silencing. Women’s voices are not heard and when they are, there opinions and concerns are dismissed, regardless of their importance. Glaspell uses the relationship between her male and female characters to exemplify this. Glaspell challenges the notion of the male writers point of view in that she, simply by writing and challenging, is taking on the male characteristic of action as opposed to silence. She also plays with the duality of the notion of woman, angel and devil. She constructs a character that could be seen as the angel/devil, but subversively comments on society pushing the woman into these roles they find so disagreeable. This further leads into the idea of constructionist and essentialist where girls identities are constructed while boys are innate, causing a future of oppressive relationships.

Effects Domestic Violence Has On Old People Social Work Essay

Effects Domestic Violence Has On Old People Social Work Essay Introduction Domestic violence Domestic abuse as earlier discussed is a form of abuse which is leveled against members of a family or people who have an intimate relationship. There are different forms of domestic violence and these include emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, economic deprivation or intimidation. Very few cases of domestic abuse are reported due to fear of reprisal from the perpetrator. This makes it difficult to ascertain the exact number of victims of domestic abuse. However, in the US, 10% or 32 million people are affected by domestic abuse. Phases of domestic violence There are three major faces of domestic violence and these are the honeymoon, tension building and acting-out phases. The honeymoon phase is the first phase and the perpetrator of violence apologizes and gives affection after committing a violent act. She or he feels sad and remorseful after committing violence. The next stage is the tension building stage and in this stage, the victims begin building fear and have tension whenever the batterer becomes angry. There is poor communication and victims try to calm perpetrators down in order to avoid confrontations which may turn violent. The third stage is the acting out phase and in this stage, the perpetrator hardly feels remorse for violent acts. The batterer becomes abusive and violent, in attempts to dominate over the victim. Violence against the elderly There has been an increase in cases of violence against the elderly. The abuse of the elderly has grown into a criminal justice and public health concern due to increase in cases. The elderly are seen as vulnerable and weak, and this makes them easy targets for perpetrators of elderly violence. Various forms of elderly violence will be discussed and these include physical abuse, economic abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. It is important to note that a few cases of elderly abuse take place unintentionally, and are usually as a result of attempts to protect the elderly people. In such cases, the elderly may be forced to join homes or relieve themselves of responsibilities which other members of society view as too difficult to them. They may be forced to delegate leadership in companies or political systems due to the perception that they are too old to effectively perform their duties. This may leave them feeling depressed, isolated and demoralized (Cohn et. al., 2002). However , most of the cases of elderly abuse are done intentionally in order to have dominance over the perceived weaker age group. Causes of domestic and elderly abuse There are different theories which explain reasons which drive people to commit these types of violence. Some of them will be discussed below; Psychological theory Psychological disorders account for the largest proportion of domestic violence cases. In fact, more than 81% of cases of domestic violence are linked to psychological disorders especially the psychopathology disorders (Dutton, 2006). Psychopathology disorders affect the mental and personality behaviors of victims. People with this disorder exhibit poor impulse control, bursts of anger and low self esteem. People with psychopathology disorders are likely to project their anger at people around them, and these are family members, spouses and the elderly. This leads to domestic and elderly abuse in the long run if people with these disorders do not seek treatment. Social theory There are different social theories which explain domestic violence. These theories explain that socialization and the environment may influence a person to commit domestic abuse. For instance, social learning is seen to be one of the factors which lead to abuse. Social learning involves imitation of actions of people around us. If a family experiences domestic abuse, children who are raised in such a family may commit abuse in future since they view it as normal in family settings (Shipway, 2004). Stress is also another factor which may lead to commission of domestic violence. When a person has stress, she or he may project their anger at those around them. Spouses, children, the elderly and other family members may suffer from domestic violence if stressed people project their anger on them. Resource and dependency theories These theories explain reasons which make women susceptible to domestic abuse stay in abusive marriages. They explain that in cases where the wife or husband is dependent on the other spouse for economic well-being, it is difficult for them to leave abusive marriages. Victims are unable to leave since they believe that they cannot survive without the assistance of the other spouse. This is especially seen in relationships where one spouse has greater power than the other. This makes it possible for him or her to manipulate the other partner into living with domestic abuse. Power and control Many abusive relationships occur after one partner or family member attempts to dominate over the other. Spouses, especially men, use violence as a means of dominating over the other partner. Such dominance may arise out of low self esteem, childhood experiences, insecurity, and stress, resentment towards women or men amongst other causes. Spouses who are bullied accept themselves as victims and the cycle of violence continues, until it is broken by separation, divorce or rehabilitation. This is also seen amongst the elderly, and some people abuse them as a means of control and dominance over them. Forms of domestic and elderly abuse Physical abuse This is a form of abuse where the perpetrator physically assaults or intimidates her or his victim. It may involve actions such as punching, striking, pulling, slapping, pushing, exposure to heat or cold, head-butting, strangling, kicking, whipping and others. These acts are performed to cause pain, intimidation or injury to the victim. Both domestic abuse and elderly abuse feature physical abuse since in both cases, the victims are perceived to be powerless by the perpetrators, and this allows them to physically dominate over them. Emotional abuse According to Johnson (2005), this abuse is meant to calculatingly injure the emotions of the victim. It includes humiliating victims publicly or privately, withholding information, controlling the victim, blackmail, isolation from family and friends or verbal abuse. This form of abuse may be difficult to detect and victims may realize that their partners dominate over them or control them only through the intervention of third parties. Victims who undergo emotional abuse may suffer from eating disorders, drug abuse or may attempt suicide. Emotional abuse is common in both domestic and in cases of elderly abuse. Economic abuse In this form of abuse, the perpetrator withholds resources or money from the victim in attempts to control their actions. Usually, the perpetrator has control over the resources and money, and withholding it is meant to force the victim to perform what the perpetrator wants in order to have access to the resources. This form of abuse is common in families where one spouse is economically dependent on the other. It is also common in cases where the elderly are dependent on their children or other people economically. The person who holds the resources deliberately manipulates victims into performing what she or he wants in order for them to have access to these resources. This creates dominance over them. Sexual abuse This is a form of abuse in which a person is forced to engage in sexual acts against their consent. This includes rape, degrading sexual activities and unsafe or unwanted sexual activities. Sexual abuse is more common in domestic violence than in cases of elderly violence although the latter has become common over the years. This form of abuse, just like physical abuse, is meant to dominate over the victim. How to prevent domestic and elderly abuse There are various steps which should be taken to reduce cases of domestic abuse and abuse against the elderly. These will be briefly discussed below; Legislation Legislation is a very effective deterrent to crime. Harsh sentences deter potential perpetrators of crime and reduce crime levels. Since domestic violence and violence against the elderly is a crime, harsh legislation should act as a deterrent to crime. Lawmakers should pass laws which give long prison sentences to people convicted of all forms of violence (Neil John, 2000). This will reduce the overall violence crime levels. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation can effectively treat people who have mental disorders which make them commit violence. Rehabilitation can also make a person who commits violent acts against others realize the harmful impacts to victims, and stop the vice (Hamel Nicholls, 2007). People who practice any form of abuse should be advised to seek counseling or rehabilitation aimed at encouraging them to change their attitude towards violence. This will enable them to be accepted back into society and to live with other members of society in harmony. Social services Governments should offer social services free of charge to victims of domestic and elderly abuse. According to Wilcox (2006), these services should include legal, medical, psychological and financial services which will ensure that they recover from the abuse and that the perpetrator is arrested and charged with the offence. The government should ensure that these victims reside in a safe place free from any form of violence. Public awareness campaigns This is among the most effective tools of fighting violence in society. The government and civil society should organize campaigns which are aimed at increasing awareness on domestic violence and violence against the elderly. These campaigns should encourage people to report such cases to law enforcement agencies. The campaigns should also provide potential victims with information about where they can access help in case they experience these forms of violence.